Extra high voltage (EHV) substations are extremely vulnerable to the hazard of lightning strokes therefore, the shielding of these substations with a highly reliable protective scheme (shield wires) is an essential undertaking. In this paper an attempt is made to clarify the design procedure for shielding EHV substations against lightning with special reference to Iran.

District heating systems that distribute heat through pipelines to residential and commercial buildings have been widely used in Northern Europe according the latest study (Werner, 2017) [1], district has largest share of supply market Sweden. Therefore, energy efficiency is great interest stakeholders. However, it common fail achieve expected performance due various faults or inappropriate ope...

Fast and very fast transient overvoltages generally appear during switching operations within electrical substations. The oscillatory nature of such phenomena with frequencies that can reach several tens megahertz tends to degrade the lifetime high voltage equipment as bushings transformers, inducing partial discharges activity or breakdown insulation system. According case studies, are one mos...

The energy in the district heating system is transforming into a clean, low-carbon and integrated production consumption mode to reduce greenhouse gas emissions dependence on fossil energy. has developed fifth generation currently, water temperature continuously reduced, thus efficiency improved. proportion of renewable sources such as solar, wind, geothermal substations will continue increase....

The assurance of the reliability for the transformation substations is one of primary goals of the manufacturers and distributors of electricity. Therefore, a proper monitoring and maintenance program is required. The circuit breaker is a complex device, subject to the thermal and mechanical stresses during the normal or fault currents switching. The substations are frequently equipped with SF6...

In the power industry, sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) as an insulating gas is widely used in gas-insulated switchgears (GISs). Owing to latent inner insulation defects of GIS, various SF decompositions are generated process partial superheating and discharge (PD). The decomposition components concentrations different under PD types. A number sensors were reported for detection these decompositions...