structural health monitoring of cracked structures is one of beloved subject of researchers recently. consider of crack behavior in the water and energy pipeline is important because of environmental problems. in this paper consider of crack parameters in the underwater pipe subjected to mechanical transient load is investigated. for this purpose, three- dimensional parametric model of cracked ...

This paper examines a number of practical questions about the possibility of using water mist to mitigate explosion hazards in some industrial applications. Water mist systems have been installed to replace Halon 1301 in gas compressor modules on Alaska’s North Slope oil fields. The hazard in the compressor modules includes fire in lubrication oil lines for the gas turbines that drive the compr...

In 1992, the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission created a secondary market for natural gas transportation whereby shippers holding firm transportation capacity on interstate natural gas pipelines can compete with the pipeline in the provision of transportation services. However, if a shipper does not use some of its contracted firm transportation capacity, the pipeline can resell that ca...

The pipeline pressure of blast furnace gas (BFG) system in steel industry provides effective information for the energy scheduling operations. However, due to the complexity of the byproduct gas pipeline network and the large fluctuations of the gas flow, it is rather difficult to establish an accurate prediction model for the pipeline pressure. Additionally, the quantitative reliability of the...

since the pressure of hydrocarbon reservoirs drops due to production, in order to keep the production rate constant or increase enhanced recovery, few methods are used. one of which is gas injection to the reservoir. on the other hand, due to reduction in oil production potential of aghajari oil field, gas injection is highly required to pressurize and enhance oil recovery. there is a possibili...

We study the evolution of supernova (SN) remnants of the first stars, taking proper account of the radiative feedback of the progenitor stars on the surroundings. We carry out a series of one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with radiative cooling, starting from initial configurations that are drawn from the results of our earlier radiation hydrodynamic simulations of the first Hii regions....

In order to deeply understand the overpressure propagation characteristics of explosion shock wave single-phase gas and gas-coal dust coupling in bifurcated tube, this paper makes a comprehensive in-depth study on change distribution law tube by means experimental research, results show that: is all affected bifurcation angle larger is, greater is. terms distribution, similar overall developmen...

Ten gibberellins (GAs) have been identified by Kovats retention indices and full mass spectra from GC-MS analysis of purified extracts of sporophytes of the tree-fern, Cyathea australis. These include the known GA(1), GA(4), GA(9), GA(15), GA(24), GA(35), and GA(58) and three new GAs, 12beta-hydroxyGA(9) (GA(69)), 12alpha-hydroxyGA(9) (GA(70)) and 12beta-hydroxyGA(4) (GA(71)). The structure of ...

1. Abstract In this paper, we consider the optimal design of a straight pipeline system. Suppose a gas pipeline is to be designed to transport a specified flowrate from the entry point to the gas demand point. Physical and contractual requirements at supply and delivery nodes are known as well as the costs to buy and lay a pipeline or build a compressor station. In order to minimize the overall...