This review examines the animal, human, and mechanistic studies that precede the new studies reported in this volume. Wholly vaporized unleaded gasoline was found to produce a dose-dependent increase in renal carcinoma in male rats and an excess above background incidence of hepatocellular tumors in female mice in the high-dose group. Mechanistic studies suggest that gasoline is not mutagenic a...

This paper uses a unique data set of monthly new vehicle sales by detailed model from 19702007, and implements a new identification strategy to estimate the effect of gasoline prices on new vehicle demand. We control for unobserved vehicle and consumer characteristics by using within model-year changes in gasoline prices and vehicle sales. We find a significant demand response, as nearly half o...

The authors presented the contribution of gasoline vehicle exhaust to SOA formation in urban atmosphere. The manuscript indicated the importance of the vehicular gasoline compositions and clariïňĄed the principal problem of vehicular emissions for haze pollution in China. However, in your literature review, the authors missed some new ïňĄndings. E. g. Tang et al. (2015) illustrated the differen...

The impact of health and environmental hazards, associated with the constituents of gasoline, on occupationally exposed workers has been recorded over the past few decades. However, the scientific literature on their pathogenic potential remains incomplete, which could affect the current understanding of the associated health risks. This review provides current information based on recently imp...

Measurements of lead isotope compositions in unfiltered San Francisco Bay waters from 1989 to 1998 have brought new insights into the cycling of anthropogenic lead in estuaries. Isotopic compositions of lead in the shallow (<2 m) southern reach were essentially invariant ( approximately 90% derived from 1960s-1970s leaded gasoline) during the study period because of limited hydraulic flushing a...

This paper describes a study that gives a consideration to change fuel source for electriccity generator from gasoline to combustible gas. A gaseous fuel conversion technology is presented and its performance is compared with gasoline. In the experiment, two types of load were tested, resistive and resistive-inductive. By using both fuels mostly the power factor (Cos φ) of resistive-inductive l...

Refiners add tetraethyl lead (TEL) and tetramethyl lead (TML) to gasoline to increase octane. In most situations, adding lead is the least expensive means of providing incremental octane to meet gasoline specifications. At sufficiently high levels, addition of lead can increase octane as much as 10 to 15 control octane numbers (Figure 1). Lead susceptibility (the gasoline’s propensity to increa...

The key features of the Gasoline code for parallel hydrodynamics with self-gravity are described. Gasoline is an extension of the efficient Pkdgrav parallel N-body code using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Accuracy measurements, performance analysis and tests of the code are presented. Recent successful Gasoline applications are summarized. These cover a diverse set of areas in astrophysics i...

I estimate how unexpected increases in the costs of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), a marketbased policy, affected U.S. oil refinery prices, markups, marginal costs, and production decisions. The results highlight the risks of failing to account for imperfect competition, multi-product firms, or both when creating policies. First, increases in the costs of the RFS were more than fully passed...

Oxidative damage induced by extracts of condensate, particulate matters and semivolatile organic compounds from gasoline engine exhausts were investigated in testicles of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that gasoline engine exhaust could increase the contents of malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein, decrease activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and induce...