Steep clines in ecologically important traits may be caused by divergent natural selection. However, processes that do not necessarily invoke ongoing selection, such as secondary contact or restricted gene flow, can also cause patterns of phenotypic differentiation over short spatial scales. Distinguishing among all possible scenarios is difficult, but an attainable goal is to establish whether...

The contemporary Japanese populations largely consist of three genetically distinct groups-Hondo, Ryukyu and Ainu. By principal-component analysis, while the three groups can be clearly separated, the Hondo people, comprising 99% of the Japanese, form one almost indistinguishable cluster. To understand fine-scale genetic structure, we applied powerful haplotype-based statistical methods to geno...

the citrus leafminer, phyllocnistis citrella stainton (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) is a major invasive pest of citrus in tunisia. in order to help the implementation of an efficient integrated management strategy, it was essential to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of the pest. for this purpose, random-amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) was app...