due to its domestic problems, russia failed to pay significant attention to central asia and the caucasus after the collapse of the soviet :union:. this resulted in a geopolitical vacuum in the region followed by extensive activities done by regional actors including iran, turkey, pakistan and israel as well as world players such as nato. defining central asia and the caucasus as 'near abr...

The growth of clean energies and technologies requires a sound financial market, while equity bond markets are exposed to geopolitical risks. We investigate the response green bonds newly develop decomposed measures risks, including acts, threats, narrow broad measures. To this end, we apply two robust methods; namely, cross-quantilogram quantile (QQ) approaches, estimate conditional unconditio...

in 2008, the organisation of gas exporting countries (ogec) was formally established with 11 members in doha, qatar. while having economic and business nature, the organisation is seen as the gas opec, having the potential for changing the geo-strategic and geopolitical structure of the world. therefore, it is regarded as a threat by europe and the us to the security of their energy supply. isl...

Undoubtedly, during the post-Cold War era, the fields of political competition changed and with the change in the political geography of the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus and Central Asia, as the Soviet Union collapsed and new countries emerged, the field of competition for a change in power balance not only expanded but took on a new form. Economic benefits, diversification of fossil fuels and new...