Mitochondrial metabolism plays a pivotal role in the pancreatic beta cell by generating signals that couple glucose sensing to insulin secretion. We have demonstrated previously that mitochondrially derived glutamate participates directly in the stimulation of insulin exocytosis. The aim of the present study was to impose altered cellular glutamate levels by overexpression of glutamate decarbox...

Neurons immunoreactive for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the posterior basal hypothalamus of the rat have a distribution pattern similar to those immunoreactive for histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and are particularly numerous in the tuberal (TM), caudal (CM) and postmammillary caudal (PCM) hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei which harbor neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GA...

A simple rapid glutamic decarboxylase test is described. This test was found useful in the identification of Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Providencia alcalifaciens, Clostridium perfringens and Bacteroides fragilis.

In this study, we demonstrated the asymmetric synthesis of L-tert-leucine from trimethylpyruvate using branchedchain aminotransferase (BCAT) from Escherichia coli in the presence of L-glutamate as an amino donor. Since BCAT was severely inhibited by 2-ketoglutarate, in order to overcome this here, we developed a BCAT/aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and BCAT/AspAT/pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC)...

Among the patients with Parkinson’s disease, 85% show symptoms of a mild cognitive impairment and 40% develop criteria of dementia. Increased levels of glutamate, noradrenaline and serotonin can be found. Diagrams of neural pathways in the extrapyramidal system and hippocampus and temporal cortex are described and compatible treatments for both syndromes are derived. Besides a conventional trea...

Postembedding silver-intensified immunogold procedures reveal high levels of glutamate immunoreactivity in "vertical" elements of the goldfish retina: (1) Red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones display strong glutamate immunoreactivity, especially in their synaptic terminals, but blue-sensitive cones are poorly immunoreactive. (2) All type Mb (on-center) and Ma (off-center) mixed rod-cone bipo...