Background: Since 1996, genetically modified (GM) crops have been grown on an ever increasing area worldwide. Maize producing a Cry protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was among the first GM crops released for commercial production and it is the only GM crop currently cultivated in Europe. A major part of the regulatory process that precedes the commercial release of GM crops...

In vitro studies as well as clinical trials indicate that the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) enhance the ability of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) to eliminate microbial organisms. Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins, homologs of the Drosophila protein Toll, have been found on the surface of mammali...

Physicians are key personnel in a sector which is important due to its size as well as the quality of service it provides. We estimate the labor supply of physicians employed at hospitals in Norway, using personnel register data merged with other public records. A dynamic labor supply equation is estimated using a sample of 1303 male physicians observed over the period 1993-1997. The methods of...

The importance of biotechnology for the global economy is growing, including developments in field genetically modified organisms (GMO), which have revolutionized cultivation several major food crops. Despite many benefits from introducing genetic modifications to crops, Polish society shows a strong distrust towards GMO-based food. negative attitude (GM) could be considered irrational. It not ...

In reference to what was published today at Scidev (Gould, 2006): “GM crops are compatible with sustainable agriculture”, I wish to comment: Massive use of transgenic crops poses potential ecological risks; genetically modified (GM) crops are not compatible with sustainable or organic farming or any other alternative form of production. GM agriculture compromises the capacity of farmers to mana...

The Cayley graphs Gm(G)=Cay(Gm,S) of Cartesian powers the finite group G with respect to canonical symmetric subsets S=S(m)⊂Gm are investigated. It is proved that for each m>1 graph Gm(G) determines up isomorphism. groups automorphisms Aut(Gm(G)) determined. shown if a non-abelian group, then Aut(Gm(G))≃(Gm⋊Aut(G))⋊Dm+1, where Dm+1 dihedral order 2m+2. If an abelian (with some exceptions m=3), ...

Quantitative analysis of genetically modified (GM) foods requires estimation of the amount of the transgenic event relative to an endogenous gene. Regulatory authorities in the European Union (EU) have defined the labelling threshold for GM food on the copy number ratio between the transgenic event and an endogenous gene. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is currently being used for qua...

in recent decades, biotechnologists have striven to improve the quantity and quality of food supply. producing genetically modified (gm) foods is one of the main goals and many countries all over the world have approved the distribution and consumption of the labeled gm foods in their own regions. however, there are still few groups having concerns about allergenicity of gm foods. this review h...