The Child Tax Credit (CTC) provides cash transfers to millions of families in the United States. We examine distributional effects rules governing credit, focusing on years prior 2021. document striking disparities eligibility by income and race. For instance, three-quarters white children are eligible for full CTC, compared with only about half Black Hispanic children. estimate a range reforms...

A stability design offuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) for non-linear systems is proposed in this paper. In heuristic design of FLCs, we often have a lot of rules. Although each rule governing the control of the plant refers to a stable closed-loop sub-system, the overall system stability cannot be guaranteed when all of these rules are put together into a rule base for the FLC. This limitation is...

Introduction Grammar is the description of the regularities in a language. Knowledge of these regularities provides the learner with the means to generate potentially enormous number of original sentences. Grammar teaching can proceed in two ways: covert grammar teaching where the rules are taught to a communicative syllabus and overt grammar teaching where the rules of grammar are presented ex...

This paper discusses proof-theoretic semantics, the project of specifying the meanings of the logical constants in terms of rules of inference governing them. I concentrate on Michael Dummett’s and Dag Prawitz’ philosophical motivations and give precise characterisations of the crucial notions of harmony and stability, placed in the context of proving normalisation results in systems of natural...

In people's minds, extreme violence is an enigma. The tortures inflicted on defenceless victims seem to defy reason. Yet, the fact that these incidents keep recurring is proof that there are rules governing them. It is these rules that I have attempted to isolate. We shall see that they are clearly defined and that they are to be found in individual as well as collective violence. To categorise...

In this paper, the ethical and legal issues raised by the deactivation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in patients with terminal cancer is considered. It is argued that the ICD cannot be well described either as a treatment or as a non-treatment option, and thus raises complex questions regarding how rules governing deactivation should be framed. A new category called "integra...

Received 13 November 2003 Revised version received 13 November 2003 Accepted for publication 27 November 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T he popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is considerable: the one year prevalence of CAM usage is 42% in the United States and 20% in the United Kingdom. As it turns out, at first glimpse, there are very few difference...

The Electronic Prescription for Controlled Substances (EPCS) is a set of rules published by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) that regulates implementations of electronic prescription systems for controlled substances [1]. EPCS includes requirements two-factor authentication; specifications for electronic prescription applications; and rules governing the signing, transmitting, and rece...