It is challenging to realize the complete broadband absorption of near-infrared in thin optical devices. In this paper, we studied high light two devices: a stack Au-pattern/insulator/Au-film and Au-pattern/weakly-absorbing-material/Au-film where Au-pattern was structured graded photonic super-crystal. We observed multiple-band absorption, including one near 1500 nm, Au-pattern/spacer/Au-film. ...

Applying an inversing method and a genetic algorithm, two radial distributions, i.e., a core graded-index and erbium-doped concentration, are optimized for an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in a two-level model under single-mode condition and weakly guided approximations. There is evidence to show that the core graded-index has obvious influence on the gain bandwidth of the EDFA, and simil...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate identities satisfied by centralizers on prime and semiprime rings. We prove the following result: Let R be a noncommutative prime ring of characteristic different from two and let S and T be left centralizers on R. Suppose that [S(x), T (x)]S(x) + S(x)[S(x), T (x)] = 0 is fulfilled for all x ∈ R. If S 6= 0 (T 6= 0) then there exists λ from the extende...

After the introduction of fuzzy sets by Zadeh [20] in 1965, several researchers have been working on the generalization of the fuzzification. In 1986, Atanassov [2] introduced the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets. For more details on the intuitionistic fuzzy sets, we refer to [2-4]. Fuzzy sets are intuitionistic fuzzy sets but the converse is not necessarily true [18]. Kim and Jun [7, 8] int...

It is shown that if the ring of constants of a restricted differential Lie algebra with a quasi-Frobenius inner part satisfies a polynomial identity (PI) then the original prime ring has a generalized polynomial identity (GPI). If additionally the ring of constants is semiprime then the original ring is PI. The case of a non-quasi-Frobenius inner part is also considered.

The following result is proved: Let R be a 2-torsion free semiprime ring, and let T : R → R be an additive mapping, related to a surjective homomorphism θ : R → R, such that 2T (x2) = T (x)θ(x) + θ(x)T (x) for all x ∈ R. Then T is both a left and a right θ-centralizer.