Although human brain development continues throughout childhood and adolescence, it is a non-linear process both structurally and functionally. Here we review studies of brain development in healthy children from the viewpoint of structure and the perfusion of gray and white matter. Gray matter volume increases and then decreases with age, with the developmental time of the peak volume differin...

We acquired magnetic resonance images of the brain of an adult African elephant, Loxodonta africana, in the axial and parasagittal planes and produced anatomically labeled images. We quantified the volume of the whole brain (3,886.7 cm3) and of the neocortical and cerebellar gray and white matter. The white matter-to-gray matter ratio in the elephant neocortex and cerebellum is in keeping with ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the large body of data available about somatic growth delay in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), virtually nothing is known about the effect of the disease on volumetric growth of the brain. This study was designed to test a hypothesis that children with SCD have a disease-related delay in brain volumetric growth compared with healthy children. METHODS A ...

BACKGROUND AND METHODS In vivo neuroimaging studies have provided evidence of decreases in the gray matter volume of the cingulate gyrus in subjects with schizophrenia as compared to healthy controls. To investigate whether these changes might be related to heritable influences, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and labeled cortical mantle distance mapping to measure gray matte...

Because the disruptive behavior disorders are highly impairing conditions, it is important to determine if structural variations in brain are associated early in life with these problems among children. Structural MRI data were acquired from 111 9-11 year olds (58 girls and 53 boys), 43 who met diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder and 68 healthy controls...

BACKGROUND Free recall memory deficits are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), even at early stages before mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Their association with brain structural changes has not been established. OBJECTIVE We studied local gray matter volumes in relation to different memory tasks in early stage PD. METHODS Magnetic resonance images (MRI) and neuropsychological data w...

The acquisition of both structural MRI (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) data for a given study is a very common practice. However, these data are typically examined in separate analyses, rather than in a combined model. We propose a novel methodology to perform independent component analysis across image modalities, specifically, gray matter images and fMRI activation images as well as a joint ...

The resolution of present day computed tomography (CT) scanners routinely permits discrimination of gray from white matter with delineation of a gray-white matter interface. Superficially situated extraaxial masses usually preserve the gray-white interface and tend to compress and/or buckle adjacent edematous white matter. This does not occur with superficially situated intraaxial lesions and i...

BACKGROUND Superior temporal gyrus (STG) volume reduction is one of the most consistent findings in schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to conduct the first Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) study to investigate altered structural integrity in STG gray and white matter in patients with chronic schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DTI we...

The neocortex undergoes a complex transformation from mouse to whale. Whereas synapse density remains the same, neuron density decreases as a function of gray matter volume to the power of around À1=3, total convoluted surface area increases as a function of gray matter volume to the power of around 8/9, and white matter volume disproportionately increases as a function of gray matter volume to...