Additional specific rates of solvolysis have been determined, mainly in fluoroalcohol containing solvents, for benzenesulfonyl chloride (1) and p-nitrobenzene-sulfonyl chloride (2). For trans-beta-styrenesulfonyl chloride (3), a study has been carried out in 43 pure and binary solvents, covering a wide range of hyroxylic solvent systems. For the specific rates of solvolyses of each of the three...

The specific rates of solvolysis of ethyl fluoroformate have been measured at 24.2 degrees C in 21 pure and binary solvents. These give a satisfactory correlation over the full range of solvents when the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation is applied. The sensitivities to changes in the N(T) solvent nucleophilicity scale and the Y(Cl) solvent ionizing power scale, and the k(F)/k(Cl) values are ...

The specific rates of solvolysis of 2-butyn-1-yl-chloroformate (1) and 2-methoxyphenyl chloroformate (2) are studied at 25.0 °C in a series of binary aqueousorganic mixtures. The rates of reaction obtained are then analyzed using the extended Grunwald-Winstein (G-W) equation and the results are compared to previously published G-W analyses for phenyl chloroformate (3), propargyl chloroformate (...

A recent correlations analysis of the specific rates of solvolysis of pmethoxyphenyl chloroformate (1) in 31 solvents using the three-term Grunwald-Winstein equation led to a sensitivity (h) towards changes in the aromatic ring parameter (I) of 0.85 + 0.15. This value, suggesting an appreciable contribution from the hI term, is in contrast to the h value of 0.35 + 0.19 that was reported for the...

Specific rates of solvolysis at 25 degrees C for p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (1) are analyzed using the extended (two-term) Grunwald-Winstein equation. For 39 solvents, the sensitivities (l = 1.68+/-0.06 and m = 0.46+/-0.04) towards changes in solvent nucleophilicity (l) and solvent ionizing power (m) obtained, are similar to those previously observed for phenyl chloroformate (2) and p-methoxyp...

The theory of derivatives and integrals of non-integer order goes back to Leibniz, Liouville, Grunwald, Letnikov and Riemann. The history of fractional vector calculus (FVC) has only 10 years. The main approaches to formulate a FVC, which are used in the physics during the past few years, will be briefly described in this paper. We solve some problems of consistent formulations of FVC by using ...

Video games or computer games are an important part of most young people’s lives today in OECD countries. PISA (2003) showed that 53% of OECD students age 15 play games frequently (“almost every day” or “a few times a week”). In the U.S. studies show that teenagers are spending more time playing computer games and other digital media (e.g. computers and the Internet), than watching TV. Specific...

An evaluation of the standardized Romanowsky stain of Marshall et al. has been made in a routine haematology laboratory. It was noted that this stain had several advantages over the May-GrUnwald Giemsa stain used in most British laboratories. These advantages include ease and speed of preparation, a shorter staining time, and reproducibility of results. These results are described in detail. Th...

Almony A, Mansouri A, Shah GK & Blinder KJ (2011): Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab after unresponsive treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab. Can J Ophthalmol 46: 182–185. Gasperini JL, Fawzi AA, Khondkaryan A et al. (2012): Bevacizumab and ranibizumab tachyphylaxis in the treatment of choroidal neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 96: 14–20. Gregori NZ, Feuer W & Rosenfeld PJ (2010): Nove...