Dans les projets décisionnels, la phase de définition des opérateurs d’extraction, transformation et chargement (ETLExtract-Transform-Load) des données dans l’entrepôt est souvent sous-estimée. Bien que ces tâches représentent (selon les spécialistes du domaine) à peu près les trois quart du projet décisionnel [13], les outils du marché n’offrent pas d’assistance. Le développeur est, par conséq...

Angiogenesis (the recruitment and formation of new blood vessels) may be a limiting step in the growth of tumors. Recent work in animal models of human cancer suggests that even transient angiogenic signals can irreversibly block tumor dormancy, promoting tumor growth. Another report concludes that the production of an-giogenic factors may result from activation of a signaling pathway in the in...

When cytotoxic T lymphocytes encounter an infected cell or a tumor cell, they establish an interaction interface with the target cell called the immunological synapse (IS). This interface is partly mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR). The structure of the IS resembles a ‘‘bulls-eye’’ with the TCR located in the central portion of this interface called the central supramolecular activation clu...

This issue's Immunology Select discusses recent studies on allergic responses in mouse models of human disease as well as how certain drugs, like the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, alleviate the symptoms of allergy. There are many similarities between the immune responses to allergens and to parasitic worms. In their new study, Reese et al. (2007) examined immune responses in the lung tissue of ...

Studying the molecular mechanisms that make the senses respond precisely to external stimuli continues to generate surprising results. This issue's Neurobiology Select discusses studies of the five senses that reveal new insights into protein function, physiology, and animal behavior. As a testament to their biological importance, odorant receptors are the largest gene family in vertebrates, wi...

This Biomedicine Select explores a cluster of recent papers that highlight traditional and new approaches to treating a variety of diseases—from a small-molecule inhibitor to treat temporal lobe epilepsy to cell replacement therapy for diabetes to a unique way to generate tumor-specific antigens. Epilepsy affects more than 50 million people worldwide and about 40% of those with the disease cont...

This edition of Select highlights recent papers that explore some of the ever-evolving strategies that are used by microbes to subvert eukaryotic immune systems, and by host cells to fight off bacterial and viral pathogens. A number of intracellular pathogens, including Shigella flexneri, the causative agent of dysentery, co-opt the cytoskeletal elements of their host cells. These bacterial pat...

Ongoing efforts to link patterns of neural activity to cognition and behavior entail the use of an impressive range of techniques, from single-cell recording to functional magnetic resonance imaging. Recent discoveries in systems neuroscience, highlighted in this issue's Neurobiology Select, include evidence that humans use grid cells for spatial navigation and a report linking small variations...

Viruses are the scourge of mankind, causing devastating pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish flu and AIDS. This Virology Select highlights new studies that shed light on how viruses invade host cells so efficiently and how they evade the host immune response by stowing away in immune cells or by constantly changing their surface armor. The opening decade of the 21 st century witnessed the first f...

The inflammatory response—characterized by release of cytokines such as TNFa and IL-1b and infiltration of infected or injured tissue by macrophages and neutrophils—is the first line of defense against infection by pathogens. Although an early inflammatory response is beneficial in stemming the tide of infection, a prolonged response may result in severe illness or even death. For example, the ...