Specific cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were detected in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen during influenza infection of mice. The cytotoxic T cells can distinguish target cells infected with different influenza A subtypes. Infection with parent viruses and their recombinant progeny possessing the hemagglutinin of one parent and the neuraminidase of the other demonstrated that sign...

High hemagglutinin titres against chicken erythrocytes were detected in the sera of Trypanosoma congolense-infected sheep. Adsorption of sheep sera with solubilized T. congolense resulted in marked reduction of hemagglutinin titre. Heat inactivation of the sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min had no demonstrable effects on the hemagglutinin titre. Sera collected from the sheep before trypanosome inf...

Influenza B viruses evolve more slowly than human influenza A, but no reasons for the difference have been established. We have analyzed sequence changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza B viruses (and have determined four hemagglutinin sequences, of B/Bonn/43, B/USSR/100/83, B/Victoria/3/85, and B/Memphis/6/86) in relation to antigenic properties and compared these with simi...

Background: Virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) causes great economic losses to the poultry industry throughout the world. Despite the endemicity of Newcastle disease (ND) and occurrence of recurrent outbreaks, the nature and genetic features of circulating NDV strains in Iran are largely unknown. Aims: This study was conducted to characterize 13 NDV isolat...

The role of the immune response to measles virus in acute infection or in disease states associated with this virus is of major interest. The viral genome-specified surface antigens of measles, the hemagglutinin and fusion proteins, are likely to be of paramount importance with respect to the host immune response to the virus. This report describes initial studies aimed at assessing the immune ...

Abbreviations used are: AAA ATPase: ATPase associated with various cellular activities; VCP: valosin-containing protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ERassociated degradation; NZF: Npl4 zinc finger; UBA domain: Ubiquitin-associated domain; GST: glutathione S-transferase; HA: hemagglutinin; IB: immunoblotting; IP: immunoprecipitation; RNAi: RNA interference; siRNA: small interference RNA; RI...