There are multiple hereditary and non-hereditary polyposis syndromes that were originally categorized as adenomatous or hamartomatous. More recently, serrated polyps and their syndromes have been defined. Nearly all of these syndromes have a risk of colorectal cancer in the individuals and affected family members. Most of these syndromes are associated with extracolonic manifestations, includin...

A 46 year old lady presented to her general practitioner with recurrent urinary tract infections. She was subsequently diagnosed a left sided exophytic renal tumour. Subsequent nephrectomy revealed oncocytic tumour which raised clinical concern for the hereditary syndrome of Birt Hogg Dube Syndrome (BHDS). The only family history note cousin who has cysts. Tumour genomic testing somatic mutatio...

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), or Lynch syndrome, is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC). A well-orchestrated cancer family history is essential for its diagnosis since, unlike its familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) hereditary cancer counterpart, HNPCC lacks distinguishing clinical stigmata of its cancer genetic risk. Discoveries in the 1990s of germ...

H ereditary cancer syndromes are estimated to account for up to 10% of all new cancer diagnoses in children and adults [1–4]. Given the current incidence of pediatric cancer, this translates to greater than 1,300 children in the United States and Canada diagnosed each year with a cancer related to a hereditary cancer syndrome. However, this widely quoted 10% rate is just an estimate extrapolate...

Approximately 6% of colorectal cancers can be attributed to recognizable heritable germline mutations. Familial adenomatous polyposis is an autosomal dominant syndrome classically presenting with hundreds to thousands of adenomatous colorectal polyps that are caused by mutations in the APC gene. Adenomas typically develop in the midteens in these patients, and colorectal cancer is a virtual cer...

Alterations in microsatellite sequences characterize hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. This microsatellite instability is due in some kindreds to a germline mutation of the mismatch repair gene hMSH2 on chromosome 2p. Although microsatellite alterations have been reported in other hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer-associated tumors including endometrial and gastric cancers, suc...

Cowden syndrome is a rare disease characterized by multiple hamartomas and increased breast, thyroid, kidney uterine neoplasm risk. The lifetime breast cancer risk for patients with 85 %, an average age of diagnosis between 38 46 years. diagnostic criteria have been established the International Consortium (ICC) National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), are regularly revised, but remains di...

BACKGROUND It has become increasingly common to consider BRCA mutation status when determining optimal cancer risk management and treatment options in order to improve patient outcomes. Knowledge about the risk for hereditary cancer at or as close as possible to the time of diagnosis allows patients access to the most risk reduction options available. METHODS This paper illustrates the role o...