Years of studies have already highlighted the complex combination, in moose feeding ecology, a marked selectivity coupled with significant dietary adaptability toward changes local resource availability. Dental textures resulting from masticatory movements and properties ingested food items constitute link between animal, its ecology environment it occupies. This approach is efficient to deciph...

The wild boar, Sus scrofa, is one of the most successful large mammals in terms geographic distribution. Along with its domestic descendant, pig, they are extremely important animals for conservation, economy, human sustenance, and well-being. Naming pigs a way that allows them to be distinguished effectively unambiguously crucial number studies archaeozoology, biomedicine, genetics, epidemiolo...

Fetal cells are widely considered a superior cell source for regenerative medicine; fetal cells show higher proliferative capacity and have undergone fewer replicative cycles that could generate spontaneous mutations. Fetal cells in amniotic fluid were among the first normal primary cells to be cultured ex vivo, but the undefined composition of amniotic fluid has hindered advance for regenerati...

Interaction among individuals is universal, both in animals and in plants, and substantially affects evolution of natural populations and responses to artificial selection in agriculture. Although quantitative genetics has successfully been applied to many traits, it does not provide a general theory accounting for interaction among individuals and selection acting on multiple levels. Consequen...

Inference of ancestral information in recently admixed populations, in which every individual is composed of a mixed ancestry (e.g., African Americans in the United States), is a challenging problem. Several previous model-based approaches to admixture have been based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) and Markov hidden Markov models (MHMMs). We present an augmented form of these models that can be...

in the qur'an, men and women are equal in terms of human dignity and spiritual interest and faith; but god did not speak to women immediately and directly; especially in law verses, god speaks to men directly but he speaks to women as a third person (hidden person). in this paper, this problem has been analyzed in view of divine-social tasks in the quran and it became clear that god has gi...