Oil and natural gas development in the Bakken shale play of North Dakota has grown substantially since 2008. This study provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of water quantity and management impacts from this development by (1) estimating water demand for hydraulic fracturing in the Bakken from 2008 to 2012; (2) compiling volume estimates for maintenance water, or brine dilution water;...

Nowadays one of the most important energy sources is natural gas. By depletion of oil reservoirs in the world, natural gas will emerge as the future energy source for human life. One of the major concerns of gas suppliers is being able to supply this source of energy the entire year. This concern intensifies during more consuming seasons of the year when the demand for natural gas increases, r...

We study a class of models for brittle fracture: elastic theory models that allow for cracks but not for plastic flow. We show that these models exhibit, at all finite temperatures, a transition to fracture under applied load similar to the first-order liquid-gas transition. We study this transition at low temperature for small tension. Using the complex variable method in a two-dimensional ela...

the mechanical strength of cumin seed and the effects of moisture content, seed size, speed and direction of loading on the force and energy required to fracture cumin seed were investigated. the results showed that moisture and loading direction were significant at the 1% level on the force and energy required to fracture cumin seed. the effects of seed size on force and loading speed on energ...

Hydraulic fracturing or 'fracking' has become the industry standard for oil and gas production in the United States. The process entails fracturing large sections of rock with high pressure to release oil and gas reserves and to produce conduits for these fluids to flow more easily to the surface. Along with the intended natural gas, water, or any other fluids or other substances that might be ...

North Carolina has no history of large-scale commercial oil and gas extraction, and the state’s legis la tive framework for regulating drilling was, until recently, based on laws passed in the 1940s. However, areas of the state are likely to undergo hori zontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing for natural gas and oil in the near future. North Carolina thus has a unique opportunity to produce a...

The revolution of hydraulic fracturing [1] has dramatically increased the supply and lowered the cost of natural gas in the United States driving an expansion of natural gas-fired generation capacity in many electrical grids [2]. Unrelated to the natural gas expansion, lower capital costs [3] and renewable portfolio [4] standards are driving an expansion of intermittent renewable generation cap...

gas basin. For example, recycled produced water is less than 10% of the total water used to drill and fracture in the Barnett, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale plays. However, the fraction of water recycled is significantly higher in the Marcellus play—greater than 90% of the total water used (Mantell 2011). Although treatment methods have been developed to recycle produced water for subsequ...

Abstract Conventional hydraulic fracturing techniques are often found problematic for extracting geothermal energy in hot dry rock (HDR). As an alternative, employing the less viscous gas to replace water as fluid showed great potential more effective of HDR. In this work, failure behavior and mechanism granite during under different confining pressures injection rates comprehensively examined....