Employment contracts are often incomplete, leaving many responsibilities subject to workers’ discretion. High work morale is therefore essential for sustaining voluntary cooperation and high productivity in firms. We conducted a field experiment to test whether workers reciprocate wage cuts and raises with low or high work productivity. Wage cuts had a detrimental and persistent impact on produ...

.......................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 5 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 7 1. Perspectives...

The factors that account for the differences in the economic productivity of urban areas have remained difficult to measure and identify unambiguously. Here we show that a microscopic derivation of urban scaling relations for economic quantities vs. population, obtained from the consideration of social and infrastructural properties common to all cities, implies an effective model of economic o...

Although precipitation interannual variability is projected to increase due to climate change, effects of changes in precipitation variance have received considerable less attention than effects of changes in the mean state of climate. Interannual precipitation variability effects on functional diversity and its consequences for ecosystem functioning are assessed here using a 6-year rainfall ma...

The objective of this study is to understand the calcareous nannoplankton response to past environmental changes in the Strait of Hormuz during the Holocene. Calcareous nannoplankton is well abundant in the living phytoplankton community and a key component of the marine sediments. Due to its distinct reaction to environment changes and its good preservation potential, it is well suited for p...