Individual patient care and programme evaluation are pivotal for the success of antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. While computer-aided documentation and data storage are indispensable for any large programme, several important issues need to be addressed including which data are to be collected, who collects it and how it is entered into an electronic database. ...

BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of provider type and experience on outcomes, resource use, and processes of care of hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Hospitalists are caring for this population with increasing frequency. METHODS Data from a natural experiment in which patients were assigned to physicians on the basis of call cycle was used to...

BACKGROUND Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has been available free of charge in Tanga, Tanzania since 2005. However we have found that a high percentage of women referred from prevention of mother-to-child transmission services to the Care and Treatment Clinics (CTC) for HAART never registered at the CTCs. Few studies have focused on the motivating and deterring factors to presenti...

Therapeutic agents used to inhibit the HIV replication are used in combination. The achievement of effective plasma concentrations of the drug in its active form, and sustaining such concentrations for the duration of a dosing interval without exceeding thresholds of toxicity is fundamental in HIV therapy. The issues determining the absorption, biotransformation, distribution to and activity at...

BACKGROUND HIV treatment programs in Africa typically approach all enrolling patients uniformly. Growing numbers of patients are antiretroviral experienced. Defining patients on the basis of antiretroviral experience may inform enrollment practices, particularly if medical outcomes differ. METHODS Baseline and follow-up measures (CD4, weight change, and survival) were compared in a retrospect...

In this paper we proposed a novel mechanism (BICL)for communication, coordination and a protocol is designed for vehicular active networks . BICL permits each sensor node to autonomously determine its next-hop selection and channel access strategy using bioinspired next-hop selection and channel access profitability measures. Based on these profitability measures, BICL provides optimal performa...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the length of time of rupture of membranes (ROM) in optimally managed HIV-positive women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with low viral loads (VL) is predictive of the risk of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). STUDY METHODS A retrospective case series of all HIV-positive women who delivered at two acade...

BACKGROUND Substantial progress has been made in the management of pediatric HIV infection in Ethiopia with the implementation of mother-to-child-prevention programs. Since the introduction of HAART in 2005, mortality among HIV-infected children has reduced while the rate of hospitalization was expected to rise. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to assess predictors of hospitalization i...

At the end of 2012, 3 decades after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first identified, neither a cure nor a fully preventive vaccine was available. Despite multiple efforts, the epidemic remains an exceptional public health challenge. At the end of 2012, it was estimated that, globally, 35 million people were living with HIV, 2.3 million had become newly infected, and 1.6 million had ...

BACKGROUND Starting HAART in a very advanced stage of disease is assumed to be the most prevalent form of initiation in HIV-infected subjects in developing countries. Data from Latin America and the Caribbean is still lacking. Our main objective was to determine the frequency, risk factors and trends in time for being late HAART initiator (LHI) in this region. METHODOLOGY Cross-sectional anal...