Outdoor recreation has the potential to impact spatial and temporal distribution of animals. We explore interactions between red deer Cervus elaphus hikers along a popular hiking path in Scottish Highlands. placed camera traps transects at different distances (25, 75 150 m) from study whether distance hiker activity influences number detected. compared this with detection an additional, spatial...

Th is paper discusses the fi ndings of a comparative user study conducted in Zion National Park, Utah, in September 2006, which tested conventional (2D) and perspective (3D) trail maps in an outdoor setting. Th e study aimed to answer questions about the eff ectiveness of both map types for communicating cartographic information, whether hikers are attracted to one map type over the other, and ...

Over the past five or six decades, contamination and pollution of the world's enclosed seas, coastal waters and the wider open oceans by plastics and other synthetic, non-biodegradable materials (generally known as 'marine debris') has been an ever-increasing phenomenon. The sources of these polluting materials are both land- and marine-based, their origins may be local or distant, and the envi...

Weeds are a major threat to biodiversity globally degrading natural areas of high conservation value. But what are our attitudes about weeds and their management including weeds in national parks? Do we know what a weed is? Do we consider weeds a problem? Do we support their management? Are we unintentionally spreading weeds in parks? To answer these questions, we surveyed visitors entering a l...

This study was conducted to provide current information on the effectiveness of water treatment chemicals and filters for control of Giardia cysts in areas where treated water is not available. Four filters and seven chemical treatments were evaluated for both clear and turbid water at 10 degrees C. Three contact disinfection devices were also tested for cyst inactivation. Filters were tested w...

Success in extreme environments comes with a cost of subtle performance decrements that if not mitigated properly can lead to lifethreatening consequences. Identification and prediction decline could alleviate deleterious consequences enhance success challenging high-risk operations. The Rim-to-Rim Wearables at the Canyon for Health (R2R WATCH) project was designed examine cognitive, physiologi...

Alpine ecosystems are under increasing pressure due to tourism and recreational activities. When leaving designated trails as is frequently observed, visitors can cause unintentional damage vegetation. This study investigated the effect of human trampling on dominant species vascular plants, bryophytes lichens along an infrequently used hiking trail in alpine ecosystem sub-arctic Sweden. The hy...

This article analyzes the multiple and contradictory functions of barracks nostalgia for a veterans’ organization in United States (US), Irreverent Warriors, its principal activity, Silkies Hikes. These are day-long events across US which military veterans, both men women, convene to hike their underwear prevent veteran suicide. The Hikes more than exhibitionistic gatherings nearly naked vetera...