(Preliminary and incomplete) 2 " If at the level of center-state relations the constitution gave us democracy, at the level of state-panchayat relations the constitution gave us bureaucracy. "

A ubiquitous feature of modern statutory law is delegation. Legislation typically delegates policy implementation to a bureaucracy. This delegation presents a dilemma. The specialized knowledge of an expert agency may be necessary to unravel the technical uncertainties surrounding the impact of alternative policy actions; however, the policy preferences of bureaucrats are often different from t...

Abstract Why have economic reforms aimed at reducing the role of the state been successful in some cases but not others? Are reform failures the consequence of leviathan states that hinder private economic activity, or of weak states unable to implement policies effectively and provide a supportive institutional environment? We explore these questions in a study of privatization in postcommunis...

The purpose of this research was to examine technology adoption and the educational change process. This paper found eight factors essential to technology adoption in countries that are heavily centralized and strongly affected by external forces (globalism etc.). These factors are communication, expertise capacity, minimal bureaucracy, continuous research, individual change and organizational ...