نتایج جستجو برای: historical overview
تعداد نتایج: 243524 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
The integration of cognitive neuroscience with the study of culture emerged from independent ascensions among both fields in the early 1990s. This marriage of the two previously unconnected areas of inquiry has generated a variety of empirical and theoretical works that have provided unique insights to both partners that might have otherwise gone overlooked. Here, I provide a brief historical i...
Since the ancient times, man was faced with the problem of fracture treatment, which is first described in the records from ancient Egypt. Ever since, many treatment methods have been developed, but the real revolution in the fracture treatment was achieved by internal fixation. Since it was described for the first time, at the end of the 18th century, this method has continuously developed, bu...
The sodium pump is a ubiquitous cell surface enzyme, a Na/K-ATPase, that maintains ion gradients between cells and the extracellular fluid. The extracellular domain of this enzyme contains a highly conserved receptor for a plant-derived family of compounds, the digitalis glycosides, used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and certain cardiac arrhythmias. The concept that an endogenou...
Contributing Authors: M. Allen (UK), I. Auer (Austria), J. Biercamp (Germany), C. Covey (USA), J.R. Fleming (USA), R. García-Herrera (Spain), P. Gleckler (USA), J. Haigh (UK), G.C. Hegerl (USA, Germany), K. Isaksen (Norway), J. Jones (Germany, UK), J. Luterbacher (Switzerland), M. MacCracken (USA), J.E. Penner (USA), C. Pfi ster (Switzerland), E. Roeckner (Germany), B. Santer (USA), F. Schott (...
The recent outbreak of the Zika virus attracts worldwide attention probably because the most recently affected country (Brazil) will host the 2016 Olympic Game. Zika virus infected cases are now spreading to many other countries and its infection might be linked to some severe medical sequelae. Since its first isolation from the infected monkey in 1947 in Uganda, only a few studies had been tak...
My purpose here is to provide brief historical overviews of three related subjects conceptually fundamental to the broader subject of "cell adhesion in development." These subjects are (1) the evolution of our present understanding of how animal cells cohere; (2) the question of what principles underlie the ability of embryonic cell populations to organize themselves into anatomically correct s...
In immunocompetent children in Europe and the United States, varicella is usually a benign disease. However, infants born to women who acquire varicella during or shortly after pregnancy are at high risk of infection. For unknown reasons, the disease is more severe in adolescents and adults, with pneumonia the most common cause of death. Varicella may also be lethal in patients of any age in th...
During recent years, the biotic ligand model (BLM) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate quantitatively the manner in which water chemistry affects the speciation and biological availability of metals in aquatic systems. This is an important consideration because it is the bioavailability and bioreactivity of metals that control their potential to cause adverse effects. The BLM approach has g...
It is a privilege and an honor to be asked to present a general overview and a historical perspective of a subject that has occupied the last 20 years of my medical career. I can assure you that when I accepted this assignment, I did not regard it with a "jaundiced eye." It is particularly appropriate to discuss viral hepatitis with military consultants to the Armed Forces because it is well kn...
In this article, I briefly survey the ethnographic research literature on childhood in the 20th century, beginning with the social and intellectual contexts for discussions of childhood at the turn of the 20th century. The observations of Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead in the 1920s were followed by later ethnographers, also describing childhood, some of whom criticized developmental the...
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