During pregnancy, maternal calcium needs increase as a result of increasing calcium requirements for fetal bone development. These needs have to be completely supplied by the mother via placental transfer. Several studies link low serum ionized calcium concentrations with the development of hypertension and pregnancy-induced hypertension. We hypothesized that maternal hypocalcemia would develop...

By analyzing whole blood containing no anticoagulants (uncoagulated whole blood) immediately after collection, we evaluated the relative changes in the concentrations of ionized calcium and other electrolytes in whole blood collected in dry heparinized syringes and in serum prepared from blood collected in evacuated blood-collection tubes. Using these dry heparinized syringes, we collected and ...

Total serum calcium, its fractions and serum citrate concentrations were measured in children receiving massive blood transfusion for scoliosis surgery, and in other children undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. During scoliosis surgery, although up to 100% of blood volume was replaced, and no additional calcium salts were infused, serum ionized calcium concentration remai...

www.aafp.org/afp AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 1959 other inorganic molecules. Low albumin levels can affect the total serum calcium level. Directly measuring the free calcium level is more convenient and accurate, but the following formula can be used to calculate the corrected total serum calcium level: Corrected calcium = (4.0 g per dL − [plasma albumin]) 0.8 + [serum calcium] Parathyroid hormon...

Hypercalcemia has a variety of potential causes with most common been primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy accounting 90% cases. Other less hypercalcemia such as superimposed pseudohypercalcemia in the presence increased serum total calcium concentration but normal ionized level. We report evaluation for known history monoclonal gammopathy. case 71-year-old Caucasian male interstitial lun...

OBJECTIVES To assess calcium status in healthy pregnant women during limited sun exposure time in winter, and to demonstrate the possible effect of serum albumin alterations on serum total calcium level and the role of albumin adjusted calcium concentration. METHODS Subjects enrolled in the study included 160 apparently healthy women divided equally into four groups (I - IV), group I was cons...

Absent or inappropriately low intact parathyroid hormone along with hypocalcemia is the diagnostic criterion of hypoparathyroidism. Clinically, hypoparathyroidism manifests predominantly as neuromuscular dysfunction caused by hypocalcemia. We present here a case of hypoparathyroidism wrongly and ineffectively treated as epilepsy for four years prior to reporting to our hospital. Hypoparathyroid...

We briefly review X-ray studies of ionized AGN outflows and high-redshift AGN. We discuss recent progress with Chandra and XMMNewton as well as prospects and requirements for future X-ray missions.