INTRODUCTION Smoking during pregnancy has been reported to be associated with a twofold to fourfold increased risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring. Genetic and socioeconomic confounders may contribute to this association. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between fetal exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD, taking such ...

OBJECTIVE The contribution of smoking to socioeconomic inequalities in health is increasing worldwide, including in Brazil. Youth smoking may play an important role in the increasing social inequalities related to smoking. This study investigates social determinants of smoking among 15-year-old to 19-year-old individuals. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The study uses data of 3536 par...

BACKGROUND The exposure of children to passive smoking has shown significant associations to respiratory morbidity. The youngest children between 0 to 2 years of age are usually seriously affected. With increasing age of the child a decrease in respiratory illness incidence together with a decrease of the effects of passive smoking were observed. The aim of the study was to assess by repeated i...