Converging evidence from over 40 years of behavioral research indicates that higher testicular androgens in prenatal life and at puberty contribute to the masculinization of human behavior. However, the behavioral significance of the transient activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in early postnatal life remains largely unknown. Although early research on non-human primate...

Objectives: To investigate abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and cortisol concentrations in young women with primary fibromyalgia (FM); and to determine whether depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance affect these hormones. Methods: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and cortisol concentrations in 63...

The object of this investigation was to distinguish between two potential mechanisms of activation of human plasminogen (HPg) to plasmin (HPm) by catalytic levels of the activator complex, streptokinase.plasmin (SK.HPm). One mechanism, which is widely supported, postulates an enzymatic role for SK.HPm in the conversion of molar excesses of plasminogen to plasmin. A more recently described kinet...

The object of this investigation was to distinguish between two potential mechanisms of activation of human plasminogen (HPg) to plasmin (HPm) by catalytic levels of the activator complex, streptokinase.plasmin (SK* .HPm). One mechanism, which is widely supported, postulates an enzymatic role for SK*. HPm in the conversion of molar excesses of plasminogen to plasmin. A more recently described k...

Background: Insecticides may have negative effects on reproductive organs. Given the interaction between leptin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, we sought to investigate the changes in leptin and the HPG axis in adult male rats poisoned with Proteus and Biscaya insecticides. Methods: Our experimental subjects were 110 adult male Wistar rats (80–90 days of age; average weight=2...

Abstract Background Central precocious puberty (CPP) results from early reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Four monogenic causes CPP have been described (KISS, KISS1R MKRN3 and DLK1). Rare loss-of-function mutations DLK1, a maternally imprinted gene located on chromosome 14q32.2, were identified in families with CPP. Both inherited or de novo DLK1 these affected fami...

Most animals experience marked changes in reproductive status across development that are regulated by changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The upstream mechanisms regulating this axis remain less well understood. The neuropeptide kisspeptin serves as a positive regulator of reproduction; the precise actions of kisspeptin on the HPG axis in animals of differing developmental...

The acquisition of a hypothalamic-pituitary axis was a seminal event in vertebrate evolution leading to the neuroendocrine control of many complex functions including growth, reproduction, osmoregulation, stress and metabolism. Lampreys as basal vertebrates are the earliest evolved vertebrates for which there are demonstrated functional roles for two gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) that...

SUMMARY This case, presenting with bilateral impalpable testes, illustrates the relevance of a broad differential disorders of sex development case management. It provides new insights on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and testicular function abnormalities in the multisystem disorder of Lowe syndrome. Lowe syndrome, also known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome, is a rare disorder charact...