Concerned with fuel consumption and emissions, especially public transportation in urban areas, the ELFA electric drive system has been developed for hybrid bus applications. This modular system provides bus manufactures a cost effective solution with a maximum degree of design flexibility. The system is adaptable to buses with a wide variety of energy storage devices, power sources, and hybrid...

Power availability from renewable energy sources (RES) is unpredictable, and must be managed effectively for better utilization. The role that a hybrid storage system (HESS) plays vital in this context. Renewable along with systems can provide power management DC microgrid environment. In paper, the optimal PI-controller-based proposed effective utilization of power. model, PI controller develo...

Abstract This paper proposes a hierarchical sizing method and power distribution strategy of hybrid energy storage system for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs), aiming to reduce both the consumption battery degradation cost. As optimal size matching is significant multi-energy systems like PHEV with supercapacitor (SC), this adopted herein. First, optimization conducted, when internal combustio...

Rising demand, scarcity and lower production rate of crude oil has made fuel an unaffordable for a public passenger vehicle. In this scenario, an energy or fuel efficient system called hybrid system is the hardcore requirement of the automotive industry. The latest gasoline-electric hybrid and hydraulic hybrid systems are significantly more energy and fuel efficient than conventional vehicles. ...