The presence of lignin and its degraded products such as tannin and humic acids is the main reason causing the aerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent (AT-POME) to display colour at the point of discharge. In this work, a hybrid method is developed to treat the AT-POME sample that was conventionally treated by biological method. This hybrid method combines coagulation and nanofiltration (NF)...

This study seeks to evaluate the performance and economic feasibility of the forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process; to propose a guideline by which this hybrid process might be more price-competitive in the field. A solution-diffusion model modified with film theory was applied to analyze the effects of concentration polarization, water, and salt transport coefficient on flux...

Through the patented process of hybrid forming [1], it is possible to produce a bonded metal-plastic-hybrid component in one step with help an edge-sealed pressing tool. Such exhibits enormous energy absorption potential. To use this complete potential, reliable FE-Modelling necessary, that can exactly replicate complex material layup consisting isotropic metal, very thin bonding layer, and ani...

Behavioural Hybrid Process Calculus (BHPC) is a formalism for modelling and analysis of hybrid systems combining process algebras and the behavioural approach for modelling of instantaneous changes and continuous evolution. BHPC is supported by Bhave toolset, containing a tool for a novel way of visualisation of hybrid systems simulations msp-svg and a new version of hybrid simulator. We presen...

BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most promising alternatives for replacing mineral resources to overcome global warming, which has become the most important environmental issue in recent years. Furfural was listed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory as one of the top 30 potential chemicals arising from biomass. However, the current production of furfural is energy intens...

in this paper, a comprehensive model is proposed to design a network for multi-period, multi-echelon, and multi-product inventory controlled the supply chain. various marketing strategies and guerrilla marketing approaches are considered in the design process under the static competition condition. the goal of the proposed model is to efficiently respond to the customers’ demands in the presenc...

This paper proposes a novel hybrid algorithm namely APSO-BFO which combines merits of Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) algorithm and Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO) algorithm to determine the optimal PID parameters for control of nonlinear systems. To balance between exploration and exploitation, the proposed hybrid algorithm accomplishes global search over the whole search spa...

rainfall-runoff is one of complex hydrological processes that is affected by a variety of physical and hydrological factors. in this study statistical method armax model, neural network, neuro-fuzzy (anfis subtractive clustering and grid partition) and two hybrid models of this methods were used to simulate rainfall-runoff and prediction of streamflow. in each method optimum structure was deter...

ACPsrt hs is a hybrid process algebra obtained by extending a combination of two existing extensions of Algebra of Communicating Processes (ACP), namely the process algebra with continuous relative timing and the process algebra with propositional signals, for the formal specification and analysis of hybrid systems. In addition to equational axioms, this hybrid process algebra has rules to deri...

ion: The process of ignoring irrelevant details in a complicated model, while preserving properties of interest. Automaton: A mathematical model for a discrete-state system. Composition: The process of interconnecting hybrid systems. Controller: Generates (control) signals that make a system behave in a desired way. Continuous-time system: Dynamic system defined by differential equations. Decid...