The particle emission in relativistic hydrodynamic model is formulated assuming a sharp 3-dimensional space-time freeze-out hypersurface. The boundary conditions correspond to the energy-momentum and charge conservation between fluid and the gas of free particles . The emission and possible feedback of particles are included into the self-consistent hydrodynamic scheme. For the time-like parts ...

M AY 2 0 0 5 Ever since physicists invented particle accelerators, nearly 80 years ago, they have used them for such exotic tasks as splitting atoms, transmuting elements, producing antimatter and creating particles not previously observed in nature. With luck, though, they could soon undertake a challenge that will make those achievements seem almost pedestrian. Accelerators may produce the mo...

Objects and systems at all scales operate by a mix of internal impulsion and external influence. This phenomenon, ubiquitous and accurately modeled by simple systems of coupled oscillators, are observed in systems of elementary subatomic particle, biological populational dynamics and interactions of heavenly bodies on an astronomical scale. Despite the simplicity of coupled oscillator models li...

We derive compact analytical formulae of the Bonneau-Martin type for the reaction e + e − → ¯ f f γ with cuts on minimal energy and acollinearity of the fermions, where the photons may be emitted both from the initial or final states. Soft photon exponentiation is also taken into account. One of the cleanest scattering processes at elementary particle accelerators is fermion-pair production in ...

One of the major goals of the Large Hadron Collider is to probe the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism and the generation of the masses of the elementary particles. We review the physics of the Higgs sector in the Standard Model and some of its extensions such as supersymmetric theories and models of extra dimensions. The prospects for discovering the Higgs particles at the LHC and the stu...

T he search for physics beyond the standard model—our current best description of fundamental particles and the interactions between them—is a top priority at high-energy particle accelerators. But researchers are also searching for new physics in the “low-energy” environment of the nucleus through a process known as neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay. This hypothetical decay would show that...

The average scattered intensity is determined by the optical characteristics of particles in dispersion. The normalized time auto-correlation function of the scattered light intensity g (τ ) includes both the optical and hydrodynamic information of particles. From the different characteristics of particles, the particle sizes can be obtained. In this paper, three sizes: the static radius Rs, th...

Colloidal shear thickening presents a significant challenge because the macroscopic rheology becomes increasingly controlled by the microscopic details of short ranged particle interactions in the shear thickening regime. Our measurements here of the first normal stress difference over a wide range of particle volume fractions elucidate the relative contributions from hydrodynamic lubrication a...