Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity can adversely affect vital organs, cause pathologic ocular damage, and have direct cardiovascular effects. This study aims to identify the biochemical, hematological, histological alterations of organs associated with effects HCQ. Methods: Male albino rats were exposed equivalent HCQ therapeutic doses given human patients being affected by malaria, ...

A lmony et al report in this issue of the BJO (p 569) the use of a threshold Amsler grid (TAG) as a screening tool for asymptomatic patients taking hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). They studied 56 patients taking HCQ and 12 controls. Patients were tested with a ‘‘white on black’’ Amsler grid (AG), a ‘‘red on black’’ AG (RAG), and the threshold AG (TAG). TAG uses cross polarising filters to reduce the ...

Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a commonly used agent in the treatment of rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). [1] Objectives: The aim this study was to evaluate hearing function SLE patients and assess impact chronic HCQ. Methods: This carried out on 60 individuals (48 12 healthy controls). were divided into HCQ group (n=36) non-HCQ (n=12) according administ...

Background: Repairing the burn-injury induced cell death and improving wound healing are critical issues. Objectives: This study was focused on assessment of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)- recovered burn injury in vivo vitro models. Materials & Methods: In this study, we constructed animal models second-degree burns, showed that heating at 55 Celsius degree for 5 min caused skin cells to switch from...

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, intracellular self-defense mechanism in which organelles and proteins are sequestered into autophagic vesicles that are subsequently degraded through fusion with lysosomes. Cells, thereby, prevent the toxic accumulation of damaged or unnecessary components, but also recycle these components to sustain metabolic homoeostasis. Heightened autophagy is a me...

OBJECTIVE Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is one of histological subtypes showing poor prognosis due to chemoresistance. The association of autophagy-related proteins and clinical implementation in CCC has not been determined. METHODS The present study investigated whether expression of autophagy-related protein, light chain 3A (LC3A), was related with prognoses in the patients with CCC us...

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway promotes melanoma tumor growth and survival while suppressing autophagy, a catabolic process through which cells collect and recycle cellular components to sustain energy homeostasis in starvation. Conversely, inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, in particular the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus (CCI-779...

We critically analyzed clinical trials performed with chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or without macrolides during the first wave of COVID-19 discussed design limitations peer-reviewed studies from January to July 2020. Seventeen were eligible for discussion. CQ HCQ did not demonstrate advantages that justified their inclusion in therapeutic regimens free prescription treatment pr...

A questionnaire sent to 325 U.K. dermatologists regarding toxicity of antimalarials had a 70% response rate. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was used by 168 respondents, chloroquine (CQ) by 66, and mepacrine by 89 (only 111 always chose one of these). HCQ was considered to be the most effective by 59%, and to have the least cutaneous side-effects by 66%; mepacrine was considered to have the lowest fre...

Objective: To study the frequency of retinal toxicity and associated risk factors in a cohort of patients treated with antimalarials and seen at a tertiary level hospital. Material and methods: Retrospective study of 40 patients treated with antimalarials, who were referred to ophthalmology for the study of retinal toxicity during 2011. Data collection included type of antimalarial prescribed, ...