Toxicity studies were performed by exposing F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice to 2- and 4-chloronitrobenzene (CNB) by whole-body inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 13 weeks. Animals were evaluated for clinical chemistry (rats), hematology (rats), histopathology, and body/organ weights. Exposure concentrations were 0, 1.1, 2.3, 4.5, 9, and 18 ppm for 2-CNB and 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 ppm for 4-CNB...

BACKGROUND Pruritus is a common symptom among patients on haemodialysis (HD). We studied 68 HD patients to assess the role of iron deficiency, anaemia, inflammation and other common serum and dialysis parameters in pruritus. METHODS The patients were questioned about the occurrence of pruritus at home, quantified according to frequency ('never', 'occasionally' and 'every day') and intensity (...

To isolate a functional macromolecular component from bacterial cells, you must accomplish three things. First, you must efficiently disrupt the bacterial cell wall and cell-membrane system to facilitate extraction of desired components. Second, you must work under conditions that either inhibit or destroy the many degradative enzymes (nucleases, proteases) released during cell disruption. Fina...

A simple and direct spectrophotometric methods for determination of zinc are based on reaction with azo dyes: 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphtol (PAN) and Chromothrop 2B in the presence benzyldimethyldodecylammonium bromide (BDDABr) have been developed. Optimum concentrations of PAN, Chromothrop 2B, BDDABr and pH ensuring maximum absorbance were defined. The effect of foreign ions was elucidated. The c...

•Simple urea oligomers organize themselves with a single coherent hydrogen-bond chain•Reversing the polarity of hydrogen bonding sends message through molecule•Conformational messages can be transmitted by changes in pH or anion binding•Receipt conformational is indicated remote fluorescent response Despite progress made synthetic chemistry building molecular structures nature, there are still ...