ecstasy (mdma; 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine) is an illicit drug that has been increasingly abused by young people. its effects include euphoria, enhanced sociability and heightened mental awareness. these come about via the increase of serotonin in both the central nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. despite the drug’s prevalent abuse, serious or adverse effects are rare. ...

background hyponatremia is a common disorder in patients with brain injury. it can result in acute and chronic complications providing this electrolytic disorder is not diagnosed and treated in due time. objectives the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hyponatremia in 95 patients with brain injury hospitalized in the intensive care unit in shahid beheshti hospital of kashan un...

Timely diagnosis of hyponatremia is important for preventing potential morbidity and mortality as it is often an indicator of underlying disease. The most common cause of eurvolemic hyponatremia is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion. Recent studies have demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-6 are involved in the developm...

INTRODUCTION: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in the intensive care unit (ICU), and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Critically ill children with bronchiolitis are at risk of developing hyponatremia, due to impaired renal free water excretion and exogenous sources of excess free water intake. We hypothesize that the development of hyponatremia i...

Hyponatremia is an important electrolyte abnormality with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. Common causes include medications and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion. Hyponatremia can be classified according to the volume status of the patient as hypovolemic, hypervolemic, or euvolemic. Hypervolemic hyponatremia may be caused by congestive h...

Hyponatremia is often seen after transsphenoidal surgery and is a source of considerable economic burden and patient-related morbidity and mortality. We performed a retrospective review of 344 patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery at our institution between 2006 and 2012. Postoperative hyponatremia was seen in 18.0% of patients at a mean of 3.9 days postoperatively. Hyponatremia was mo...

Maternal hyponatremia induces fetal hyponatremia and increased fetal urine flow. We sought to examine the relative contributions of the placental Na(+) gradient vs. the absolute decrease in fetal plasma Na(+) in the fetal diuretic response to hyponatremia. Seven ewes with singleton fetuses (130 +/- 2 days) were prepared. Ewes received intravenous 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (20 microg) ...

Hyponatremia is a frequent electrolyte imbalance in hospital inpatients. Acute onset hyponatremia is particularly common in patients who have undergone any type of brain insult, including traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage and brain tumors, and is a frequent complication of intracranial procedures. Acute hyponatremia is more clinically dangerous than chronic hyponatremia, as it cre...

Exercise-induced hyponatremia is most commonly associated with prolonged exertion during sustained, high-intensity endurance activities such as marathons or triathlons. In most cases, exercise-induced hyponatremia is attributable to excess free water intake, which fails to replete the sometimes massive sodium losses that result from sweating. The risk of hyponatremia can be lowered by strategie...

BACKGROUND Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex neurogenetic, multisystem disorder. Despite the variable endocrine abnormalities and hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction, hyponatremia has been reported in only a few PWS patients. In previously reported PWS individuals, hyponatremia was associated with abnormal fluid intake or during desmopressin treatment. CASE PRESENTATION We describe an in...