NHS TRUSTS are insisting nursing students keep a portfolio of clinical skills because they believe nurses need to practise basic tasks before they qualify.

The patenting of software-related inventions is on the increase, especially in the United States. Mathematical formulas and algorithms, though, are still sacrosanct. Only under special conditions may algorithms qualify as statutory matter: if they are not solely a mathematical exercise, but if they are somehow linked with physical reality. In this article, it is argued that blanket acceptance i...

internal state” (Piccinini 2007a, 514, italics added). The mechanistic “rule” also highlights this distinction. “A rule [...] is simply a map from input strings of digits, plus possibly internal states, to output strings of digits” (Piccinini and Scarantino 2011, 8). This suggests that digital computation proceeds from input D and possibly the internal states of the computational system to outp...

Willingness to communicate (WTC) construct plays an important role in second language (L2) teaching and learning. Almost any second language learner is likely to respond to a direct question, but many will not continue or initiate communication. The present study investigates Pakistani undergraduate students' perception of their willingness to initiate communication in English across four types...