In modelling risk management strategies (i.e., within-lot batch testing, statistical process control), two basic assumptions have been normally made: that the true concentration of microorganisms are log-normally distributed within a batch, and that the variance of the samples is the same for a little or highly contaminated lot. These assumptions were evaluated by characterising the between-bat...

INTRODUCTION India has the largest diabetic population of 50.8 million that could reach an epidemic proportion by 2030. Diabetic foot infection is one of the dreaded complications of diabetes.  Only a few studies that focus on patterns of diabetic foot infection in our region, where diabetic foot care is inadequate, are available. This study evaluated microbial and clinical characteristics of d...

To study the working mechanisms for non-starch polysaccharidases to improve the growth performance of broiler chickens, a 21-day feeding trial was conducted. Two dietary treatments were included: 1) wheat diet (the control); 2) wheat+xylanase diet (xylanase, Allzyme PT, Alltech, Kentucky, USA). There were 8 replicates with 8 birds each for each treatment and the experimental diets were given to...

Host immune responses are crucial for combating enteropathogenic infections including Campylobacter jejuni. Within 1 week following peroral C. jejuni infection, secondary abiotic IL-10-/- mice develop severe immunopathological sequelae affecting the colon (ulcerative enterocolitis). In the present study, we addressed whether pathogen-induced pro-inflammatory immune responses could also be obser...

Strains of Clostridium perfringens are a frequent cause of food-borne disease and gas gangrene and are also associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens. To detect and quantify the levels of C. perfringens in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, a quantitative real-time PCR assay utilizing a fluorogenic, hydrolysis-type probe was developed and utilized to assay material retrieved from the broi...

We used four ruminally fistulated, multiparous, pregnant Holstein cows to delineate microbial adaptations in dairy cows as they experienced the transition from one lactation to the next. Diets consisted of typical far-off and close-up diets, a late lactation diet containing wet corn gluten feed (20% DM) and an alfalfa hay-corn silage based early lactation diet. Calculated NEL (Mcal/lb), measure...

Microbial source tracking (MST) has become a focus of some recreational beach monitoring programs. Suspected sources of contamination include human sewage, agricultural runoff, and feces from wildlife and domestic animals, depending on beach location. Waterfowl have been suggested as a primary source of fecal contamination at many beaches, but techniques to “prove” contaminating microbes are of...

OBJECTIVE Although polymorphisms of the NOD2 gene predispose to the development of ileal Crohn's disease, the precise mechanisms of this increased susceptibility remain unclear. Previous work has shown that transcript expression of the Paneth cell (PC) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) α-defensin 4 and α-defensin-related sequence 10 are selectively decreased in Nod2(-/-) mice. However, the specific...

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary ratio of ruminal degraded protein (RDP) to ruminal undegraded protein (RUP) and the dry matter intake (DMI) on the intestinal flows of endogenous nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in goats. The experiment was designed as a 4×4 Latin square using four ruminally, duodenally and ileally cannulated goats. The treatments were arranged i...

I. A solution of gelled maize starch and Cr-EDTA was continuously infused for 4 weeks via the abomasum into sheep of different ages. The proportions of infused a-glucoside passing the terminal ileum as glucan (ethanol-precipitable a-glucoside), dextrins (ethanolsoluble glucose polymers) and glucose, and the glucan and over-all a-glucoside disappearances in the small intestine were determined. E...