Margins are used in radiotherapy to assist in the calculation of planning target volumes. These margins can be determined by analysing the geometric uncertainties inherent to the radiotherapy planning and delivery process. An important part of this process is the study of electronic portal images collected throughout the course of treatment. Set-up uncertainties were determined for prostate rad...

Contemporary radiotherapy (RT) planning utilizes both a computed tomography (CT) scan either in prone or supine position with no breast compression or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The application of MRI is limited by image distortion and a lack of electron density information. The standard supine position not only exposes the tumor to RT non-homogenously, it can cause damage to the neighbo...

Introduction: Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) provide two- and three-dimensional planar and volumetric cone beam images to improve the accuracy of radiation treatment delivery. Periodic quality assurance (QA) of EPIDs is essential for dosimetric verification in radiotherapy. In this study, a QA program was implemented to evaluate the function of the EPID to be confident in applying co...

Technological advancement has facilitated patient-specific radiotherapy in bladder cancer. This been made possible by developments image-guided (IGRT). Particularly transformative the integration of volumetric imaging into workflow. The ability to visualise target using cone beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance initially assisted with determining magnitude inter- intra-fraction chang...

The landscape of cancer imaging is being shaped by advances in oncological treatment. As the genetic and molecular aberration of cancers and cancer subtypes are being elucidated, specific cellular pathways and associated molecular receptors are recognized as potential pharmacological targets to modify or arrest cancer growth. In the past two decades, such targeted therapies are being developed ...

Introduction: Glioma is the most common primary malignancy of cerebral neoplasms in adults, which in spite of therapeutic significant efforts, has a very poor prognosis. The current standard treatment of these patients generally includes surgery and radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 6 courses of adjuvant use of temozolomide tabs. During these years, the nervous...

A critical step in radiotherapy treatment planning process is to accurately locate the tumor and determine its extent. Variability in gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation is a major source of systematic error in conformal radiotherapy. CT scan is the principle source of imaging data used for defining GTV for planning conformal therapy. CT is widely available less costly and compatible with radi...

Cerebral radionecrosis is a significant side effect in radiotherapy for brain cancer. The purpose of this study is to calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of carbon-ion beams on brain cells and to show RBE-weighted dose distributions for cerebral radionecrosis speculation in a carbon-ion treatment planning system. The RBE value of the radionecrosis for the carbon-ion beam is ca...