To prevent acute life-threatening auto-inflammation/autoimmune of the tissues, our immune system must mount protective immunity, and rapidly resolve inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized sentinels that maintain homeostasis by efficiently regulating balance between immunity tolerance to self-antigens. It is critical understand how tissue DCs subsets their specificity governed media...

We have developed a multi-state mathematical model to describe the transmission of Plasmodium vivax malaria; the model accommodates variable transmission-blocking/enhancing immunity during the course of a blood infection, a short memory for boosting immunity, and relapses. Using the model, we simulated the incidence of human malaria, sporozoite rates in the vector population, and the level of t...

Mice incapable of generating an efficient Th2 response because of functional deletion of the genes for signal transducer and activation of transcription 6 (Stat6), interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha), or IL-4 plus IL-13 (IL-4/IL-13) were no more resistant than wild-type (WT) mice to airborne infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. WT mice were able to control infection a...

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate immunotoxic effect of safranal (SAF), a main component of Crocus sativus essential oil, using Balb/c mice. Materials and Methods: SAF was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ml/kg for 3 weeks. Hystopathological examination of spleen and bone marrow, cellularity of spleen, delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) res...

Background: Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of the tape worm parasite, Echinococcus granulosus. Human is infected by ingestion of parasite ova excreted in dog feces. The anticancer activity of different antigens of hydatid cyst has been reported in the previous works. In this research, the role of immune system in induction of this anticancer activity has been investigated.Materials and Method...

rubella or german measles is a mild contagious disease in non-pregnant women, but in pregnant affected mother’s possibility of fetus infection in the first twelve weeks of gestation is 80%. between 13-14 weeks of gestation is 54% and by the end of the second trimester is 25%. if fetus gets infected severe anomalies will progress. at present no vaccination against rubella is begin envisaged by t...

to evaluatethe effects of supplementing diets of growing japanese quails (n=450; 7 days old) with chromium (cr) yeast and / or mannan oligosaccharides (mos) on productive performance, carcass traits and the immune system are reported. diets were a basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with 600 mg cr-yeast/kg (cr 1), 1200 mg cr-yeast/kg (cr 2), 1.0 g mos/kg, cr 1 + mos or cr 2 + mo...

background:class ii transactivator (ciita) is a dominanttranscriptional element, controlling numerous genes in theimmune system. ciita is expressed in a constitutive pattern inantigen presenting cells although its expression can occur inother cell types. since the revelation of ciita, there have beenconsiderable advances toward understanding its role as anactivator of mhc ii genes in humans and...

there are two different contradictory approach regarding the interaction of the state immunity and jus cogens. some jurist argue that jus cogens rules should prevail over other inconsistent ordinary rules of international law including state immunity. this argument therefore depends upon the existence of conflict between rules of jus cogens, and the rule of customary law which requires one stat...

Interest in understanding strain diversity and its impact on disease dynamics has grown over the past decade. Theoretical disease models of several co-circulating strains indicate that incomplete cross-immunity generates conditions for strain-cycling behaviour at the population level. However, there have been no quantitative analyses of disease time-series that are clear examples of theoretical...