T cell activation is based on interactions of T cell antigen receptors with MHC-peptide complexes in a specialized cell-cell junction between the T cell and antigen-presenting cell-the immunological synapse. The immunological synapse coordinates naïve T cell activation and migration by stopping T cell migration with antigen-presenting cells bearing appropriate major histocompatibility complex (...

BACKGROUND Determining if a kidney from a marginal donor is likely to elicit a strong and specific immune response, leading to an increased risk of acute rejection, is of importance in renal transplantation. METHODS In this study, we analysed the effect of extended criteria donor (ECD) on the incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) and the effect of immunological risk factors on gra...

Food allergy is understood as all the adverse reactions to food products triggered by the immunological mechanism. The immunological reactions include the mediated IgE mechanisms and non-Ig-E mechanisms. It is estimated that the frequency of food allergies in general population is of 3.5-4% and usually come out in patients showing also other atopic disorders. The gastro-intestinal barrier is ma...

BACKGROUND The mortality in patients with persistent low CD4 count despite several years of HAART with sustained viral suppression is poorly documented. We aimed to identify predictors for inadequate CD4 cell recovery and estimate mortality in patients with low CD4 count but otherwise successful HAART. METHOD In a nationwide cohort of HIV patients we identified all individuals who started HAA...

BACKGROUND Factors that determine the immunological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate predictors of immunological failure after initial CD4(+) response. METHODS Data were from EuroSIDA, a prospective, international, observational human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 cohort. RESULTS Of 2347 patients with a...

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an allergic disorder of the nasal tissue that underlies diseases such as sinusitis, otits and asthma. Different predisposing factors including immunological and non-immunological factors contribute to the disease pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate association of haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes (Hp1-1, 2-1 and 2-2) with serum immunoglobulins A and E levels ...

Experienced T cells exhibit immunological memory via a rapid recall response, responding to restimulation much faster than naïve T cells. The formation of immunological memory starts during an initial slow response, when naïve T cells become transformed to proliferating T blast cells, and inducible immune response genes are reprogrammed as active chromatin domains. We demonstrated that these ac...