We decompose changes in the Gini coefficient to investigate whether the Conditional Cash Tranfers (CCT) have had an inequality reducing effect in three Latin American countries: Brasil, Mexico and Chile. We conclude that CCT programs helped reducing inequality between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s. The share of total income represented by the CCTs is very small, less than 1%. But as their tar...

 Background: The phenomenon of dust is a serious environmental problem in dry and semi dry regions. It has a destructive effect for the residents of such regions. Over two-thirds of Iran is in areas of dry and semi-dry climate conditions. Methods: In this research, dust fall measurements were taken in 41 stations across Yazd city using a marble dust collector (MDCO) located in diffe...

the effects of soil tillage methods and residue management were studied at miandoab agriculure station during 2003-2005. the experiment design was split block with the main plots devoted to residual management strategies (burning residue, crushing residue by disk, no treatment). subplots were tillage methods (moldboard plowing to 20-25 cm in fall, moldboard plowing to 20-25 cm in spring, moldbo...

Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8131, Japan Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Scien...

where f(t |Θ) is the probability density of the coalescent time. Assuming free recombination between loci, the full likelihood is a product of each locus likelihood. In order to determine the likelihood we must determine the density f(t |Θ) for coalescent of two samples in the IM model. Wang and Hey (2009) find the time to the MRCA by explicitly integrating over all possible sample paths in the...

background: the phenomenon of dust is a serious environmental problem in dry and semi dry regions. it has a destructive effect for the residents of such regions. over two-thirds of iran is in areas of dry and semi-dry climate conditions. methods: in this research, dust fall measurements were taken in 41 stations across yazd city using a marble dust collector (mdco) located in different parts of...

in recent decades, tourism has been considered as a way to decreasing tensions of urban life. this study tried to determine the effective factors in visitors' willingness to pay for asiab kharabeh fall by using tobit model. data set were obtained by completing questionnaires and interviewing with 125 individuals who visit the fall. according to the results 69.6 percent of visitors were rea...

conclusions higher age of cyclists and increasing speed of the accident opponent significantly increase the likelihood of sustaining facial fractures. the use of bicycle helmets does not significantly reduce the incidence of mid-facial fractures, while being correlated with an even increased incidence of mandibular fractures. background the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing ...

Recent statistical and computational analyses have shown that a genealogical most recent common ancestor (MRCA) may have lived in the recent past [Chang, J.T., 1999. Recent common ancestors of all present-day individuals. Adv. Appl. Probab. 31, 1002-1026. 1027-1038; Rohde, D.L.T., Olson, S., Chang, J.T., 2004. Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans. Nature 431, 562-566]. Howe...

Chemical differences between mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean island basalts (OIBs) provide critical evidence that the Earth's mantle is compositionally heterogeneous. MORBs generally exhibit a relatively low and narrow range of (3)He/(4)He ratios on a global scale, whereas OIBs display larger variability in both time and space. The primordial origin of (3)He in OIBs has motivated hypo...