The software development paradigm of object-oriented (OO) programming has become increasingly popular in recent years. Features not available in conventional programming languages such as inheritance, dynamic binding and polymorphism offer advantages, they also raise problems of maintaining object-oriented programs. Some object-oriented languages do not allow type annotations to be specified in...

CONTEXT Effective alternatives to long waiting lists for entry into methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment are needed to reduce the complications of continuing heroin dependence and to increase methadone treatment entry. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of interim methadone maintenance with that of the usual waiting list condition in facilitating methadone treatment entry and red...

OBJECTIVE To examine how fruit and vegetable (FV) programs address barriers to FV access and consumption as perceived by low-income individuals. DESIGN From 2011 to 2012, the researchers used 13 focus groups to better understand low-income individuals' perceptions about FV programs. SETTING Five North Carolina counties at community-serving organizations. PARTICIPANTS Low-income participan...

Comments on the original article by Matthew D. Johnson (see record 2012-08242-001). It is important to challenge some of Johnson's points about the effectiveness and reach of interventions to lower income couples and couples of color and his suggested prioritization of basic over applied research. With emerging findings and practical knowledge gained in lower income communities from all across ...

Predicting the maintenance and management costs and replacement age of tractors in agricultural mechanized units, is important from several points. So, doing a timely agricultural operations, more accurate measure of the amount of income  including the cost of these items , determining the useful life of old tractors , replacement age, cost of the process changes and the possibility of examinin...

This paper is an extended abstract of [5], which discusses the incremental maintenance of materialized ontologies in a rule-enabled Semantic Web. The reader may wonder how this relates to Datalog, a language that has been proposed in the deductive database context. However, the semantics underlying Web ontology languages can often be realized by translating the ontology into appropriate Datalog...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The study objectives were to examine the participation rate in food assistance programs and explore the factors that contribute to such participation among the Korean elderly population. SUBJECTS/METHODS The study sample comprised 3,932 respondents aged 65 years or older who were selected from a secondary data set, the fourth Korean Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS). The fact...

Over the past two decades, the demand for charitable food assistance has steadily grown, and a massive ad hoc system of food banks has become established in Canada. To assess the food insecurity and nutritional vulnerability of one subgroup of food bank users, interviews were conducted with a sample of 153 women in families using emergency food relief programs in Metropolitan Toronto. Ninety pe...

The negative income tax represents one of the fundamental ideas of modern welfare policy. Based on a simple application of elementary price theory, it has a powerful lesson for work incentives in welfare programs. The academic literature on the negative income tax has raised two difficulties with it, one concerning work disincentives arising from an increase in the eligibility point, and the ot...

The negative income tax represents one of the fundamental ideas of modern welfare policy. Based on a simple application of elementary price theory, it has a powerful lesson for work incentives in welfare programs. The academic literature on the negative income tax has raised two difficulties with it, one concerning work disincentives arising from an increase in the eligibility point, and the ot...