de Kok et al. (1) recently reported the cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in the netherlands and argued that human papillomavirus vaccination is not a cost-effective preventive measure in the netherlands. They calculated a discounted (annual rate 3%) incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (IcER) of €53 500 per qualityadjusted life-year (Qaly), which is clearly higher than the...

In the circumstance that unexpected events lead to information asymmetry of sales costs, supplier risk aversion and stochastic price, this paper discusses internal law using an emergency quantity discount contract coordinate supply chain. First, Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) model under condition symmetry is constructed. addition, extended game CVaR asymmetric costs solved. After that, simul...

We characterize the compensation demanded by investors in equilibrium for incremental exposure to growth-rate risk. Given an underlying Markov diffusion that governs the state variables in the economy, the economic model implies a stochastic discount factor process S and a reference stochastic growth process G for the macroeconomy. Both are modeled conveniently as multiplicative functionals of ...

In this paper, we have proposed an improved genetic algorithm (GA) to solve constrained knapsack problem in fuzzy environment. Some of the objects among all the objects are associated with a discount. If at least a predetermined quantity of the object(s) (those are associated with a discount) is selected, then an amount (in $) is considered as discount. The aim of the model is to maximize the t...

We exploit a unique merchant-level dataset from the monopoly payment card network in China to study payment card pricing. We develop hypotheses associating payment card pricing to card penetration rate, profitability and fraud risk. Our empirical analysis uses the variations in those three factors across industries to show that the card network charges a higher merchant discount for industries ...

The choice between quantity and price in order to stabilize collusion is modeled here. It is shown that this relocates the prisoners’ dilemma backwards, from the market stage to the stage where the market variable is chosen in order to sustain collusion, and where discount rates appear as the payo¤s. Likewise, a prisoners’ dilemma arises also when both the market variable and the type of behavi...