This article used China as an example to study how tax reform affects the innovative behavior of companies. Our research showed that value-added (VAT) can affect corporate innovation behavior. On basis patent-application data Chinese enterprises, we difference-in-differences framework differences in performance industrial enterprises patent applications before and after China’s 2009 VAT reform....

Patents award innovators a fixed period of market exclusivity, e.g., 20 years in the United States. Yet, since in many industries firms file patents at the time of discovery (“invention”) rather than first sale (“commercialization”), effective patent terms vary: inventions that commercialize at the time of invention receive a full patent term, whereas inventions that have a long time lag betwee...

The tightening standards of nitrogen oxides emission from industrial plants encourage nitric acid producers to search for new efficient solutions meet the stringent limits. Industrial practice and patent literature show that effectiveness deNOx (SCR) deN2O technology is affected not only by type shape catalyst, but also method its installation in a heterogenous catalytic reactor. article presen...

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background and objective: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are the treatment of choice for ductal closure in premature newborn. this study evaluates early and late outcome, as well as the effectiveness of oral ibuprofen in the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (pda) in premature infants. methods: in this clinical trial, all preterm infants below 37 weeks, with documentation of pda were...

Pesticides are designed to protect crops against pests and thereby ensure good harvests. Brazil is a major producer of soybean sugarcane, competing with the USA on world market. However, Brazil’s dependency agricultural pesticides very high. The aim research was identify most imported for use as well whether or not technology patent-protected in Brazil. Derwent Innovations Index database access...

This paper develops a theory of invention by drawing on complex adaptive systems theory. We see invention as a process of recombinant search over technology landscapes. This framing suggests that inventors might face a ‘complexity catastrophe’ when they attempt to combine highly interdependent technologies. Our empirical analysis of patent citation rates supports this expectation. Our results a...

pharmaceutical products. See, e.g., Wesley Cohen et al., Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not), NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Working Paper No. 7552, 2000 (discussing the importance of patents relative to other mechanisms of appropriation across various industries and concluding that patents are particularly imp...