In addition to the general issue that fewer interpersonal contacts reduce speed of contagion, less attention has been paid spatial configuration such contacts. Italy, Covid-19 severely affected most industrialized area country, where network commuting flows is particularly dense. We investigate relationship between workers’ mobility and diffusion disease by computing, for each municipality, int...

Introduction A trans-border medium such as the Internet that has no regard for frontiers and national states will inevitably result in conflicting opinions in public morality and ethics. Sexual deviation and variation in one country may not be tolerated in another country. For example, Italy is less tolerant to homosexuality, in contrast to Sweden that has a liberal view and even allows homosex...

T H E ADOPTION of a broad definition of "agricultural labor" in the amendments to the Social Security Act in 1 9 3 9 deprived some 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 to 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 persons of the old-age insurance protection they had enjoyed under the original act of 1 9 3 5 . I n addition, 100 ,000 to 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 workers whose s tatus under t h a t program had previously been in doubt were definitely excluded....

Aging, Family Support Systems, Saving and Wealth: Is Decline on the Horizon for Japan? Andrew Mason, Naohiro Ogawa, and Takehiro Fukui October 7, 2004 In many industrialized nations, fertility rates are now below the level of replacement, and life expectancy at birth has reached 80 years in a few select countries. As a result, population age distributions are changing markedly, with a relative ...

The flow of unskilled, low-earning migrants to developed countries with a comprehensive social security system, including retirement benefits, has attracted both public and academic attention in recent years. Being relatively low earners, the migrants typically are net beneficiaries of the welfare state in the short run.1 Therefore, an almost unanimous opposition to migration may arise in the p...

Water that has been used by people and is disposed into a receiving water body with altered physical and/or chemical parameters is defined as wastewater. If only the physical parameters of the water were changed, e.g., resulting in an elevated temperature after use as a coolant, treatment before final disposal into a surface water may require only cooling close to its initial temperature. If th...

This paper presents a first phonetic analysis of voiced, devoiced and ejectivized stop sounds in Setswana taken from two different speech databases. It is observed that rules governing the voicing/devoicing processes depend on sociophonetic and ethnolinguistic factors. Speakers, especially women, from the rural North West area of South Africa tend to preserve the phonologically stronger devoice...

New technology is fundamental to sustainable development. However, inventors from industrialized countries often refuse technology transfer because they worry about reverse-engineering. When can clean technology transfer succeed? We develop a formal model of the political economy of North-South technology transfer. According to the model, technology transfer is possible if (i) the technology in...

Economic development and growth depend on growing levels of resource use, and result in environmental impacts from large scale resource extraction and emissions of waste. In this study, we examine the resource dependency of economic activities over the past several decades for a set of countries comprising developing, emerging and mature industrialized economies. Rather than a single universal ...