The backward evolution approach to modelling galaxy source counts is re-visited in the wake of the numerous results and revelations from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) and the detections and measurements of the cosmic extragalactic background light. Using the framework of the Pearson & Rowan-Robinson (1996) galaxy evolution model, the...

The infra-red absorption spectra of the unsubstituted pyrylium cation and of 25 di-, tri-, tetraand per&-substituted pyrylium salts (mostly perchlorates) with alkyl and/or phenyl groups are described. Assignments of IR bands are made in correlation with the spectrum of pyridine, and the variation of band position and intensity depending on substitution is discussed. Implications for the assignm...

Light is an electromagnetic transverse wave, which means that it oscillates in directions perpendicular to its propagation (see Figure 1). Since it is a wave, light is characterized by its wavelength—the distance from peak to peak. Electromagnetic wavelengths cover a very wide range but only a tiny part of this range (about 400 to 700 nanometers) is visible to humans and thus of interest for sh...

We investigate the properties of a dressed electron which reduces, in a particular class of gauges, to the usual fermion. A one loop calculation of the propagator is presented. We show explicitly that an infra-red finite, multiplicative, mass shell renormalisation is possible for this dressed electron, or, equivalently, for the usual fermion in the abovementioned gauges. The results are in comp...

It is well known that the correlation functions of a scalar field in a quasi-de Sitter space exhibit at the loop level cumulative infra-red effects proportional to the total number of e-foldings of inflation. Using the in-in formalism, we explore the behavior of these infrared effects in the large N limit of an O(N) invariant scalar field theory with quartic selfinteractions. By resumming all h...

We consider passive polarimetric near infra-red imaging systems that measure the three first elements of the Stokes vector and deduce from them the degree of linear polarization and the angle of polarization in near infra-red spectrum for analyzing plant leaves. By using the variance of the angel of polarization from each sample leaf, we identify the curl of the leaf surface and compare it to o...

The holographic description of supersymmetric RG flows in supergravity is considered from both the five-dimensional and ten-dimensional perspectives. An N = 1∗ flow of N = 4 super-Yang Mills is considered in detail, and the infra-red limit is studied in terms of IIB supergravity in ten dimensions. Depending on the vevs and the direction of approach to the core, the supergravity solution can be ...

The BFKL pomeron in perturbative QCD is plagued by the lack of unitarity and diffusion into the infra-red region of gluon virtualities. These two problems are intimately related. We perform numerical studies of the evolution equation proposed by Balitsky and Kovchegov which unitarizes the BFKL pomeron. We show how diffusion into the infra-red region is suppressed due to the emergence of a satur...

A surprisingly good holographic description of QCD can be obtained from naive five dimensional gauge theory on a truncated AdS space. We seek to improve the infra-red description of QCD in such models by using a more sophisticated metric and an action derived from string theory duals of chiral symmetry breaking. Our metric is smooth into the infra-red and the chiral condensate is a prediction o...

The objectives of the present study were to analyze the chemical interactions between guar and xanthan gums and starches. Gels were obtained from normal (NCS), waxy (WCS) and high-amylose (HACS) corn starches containing gums. The gels were evaluated according to their pasting properties and infra-red absorption. The guar (GG) and xanthan (XG) gums affected the properties of the NCS paste more s...