In the current global era, countries are encouraged to prioritize international trade. Because one of most important tools and sources financing in trade is foreign exchange reserve for country itself. importance reserves a country, where always fluctuate, number factors can be tested that affect position reserves, namely amount export activity. This article was created with aim knowing potenti...

developing countries that have almost oil reserves have no enough mega projects' management ability, technology and finance resources to manage and finish a mega project. host countries for achievement these technologies and resources have to cooperate with foreign and international companies.  different contractual frameworks are used in conjunction with obtaining these technologies and c...

in a managed floating exchange rate regime, one of the most important issues is the degree to which the monetary authorities intervene in the foreign exchange market.  the appropriate level of intervention in the foreign exchange market can be discussed in a framework which emphasizes the trade-off between changes in the country’s level of international reserves and minimizes the country’s real...

Marine reserves have been proposed as a remedy for overfishing and declining marine biodiversity, but concern that reserves would inherently reduce yields has impeded their implementation. It was found that management of fisheries through reserves and management through effort control produce identical yields under a reasonable set of simplifying assumptions corresponding to a broad range of bi...

We contribute to the understanding of marine reserves and the management of renewable resources with uncertainty. We show that the key benefit of reserves is that they increase resilience, or the speed it takes a population to return to a former state following a negative shock. Resilience can also increase resource rents even with optimal harvesting. We contradict the accepted wisdom that rese...