The recent mandate by the US Army Training and Doctrine Command requiring all Soldiers entering Basic Combat Training after October 1, 2007, to be combat lifesaver (CLS) certified is an outstanding step to improve training across the Army in lifesaving first-aid skills. 1 However, the requirement for all Soldiers to be competent in placing an intravenous (IV) line and initiating treatment with ...

The incidence and nature of microbial contamination of intravenous fluids prepared by four manufacturing establishments in Kenya was evaluated using the European Pharmacopoeia membrane filtration method for sterility testing. The percentage failures were 28.6% for source D, 18.8% for source A, 12.5% for source B and 10.5% for source C. The major contaminant was aspergillus which was isolated fr...

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) surgery may be associated with postoperative Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Commonest intraoperative risk factors for AKI include hypotension and hypoperfusion. Intravenous fluids are administered during to optimize intravascular status thus prevent hypotension. Conventionally, intravenous using pre-calculated volumes based on maintenance needs. Alter...

BACKGROUND Periodic lack of availability and high cost of commercially produced isotonic fluids for intravenous (IV) use in horses have increasingly led to use of home-made or commercially compound fluids by veterinarians. Data regarding the quality control and safety of compounded fluids would be of benefit to equine veterinarians. OBJECTIVES To compare electrolyte concentrations, sterility,...

background:naltrexone is a competitive opioid receptor antagonist blocking the euphoric effects of exogenous opioids. when used concomitantly with opioids, naltrexone causes severe withdrawal symptoms.the main aim of the study is to determine the symptomatology and outcome of patients who consumed naltrexone in conjunction with an opioid substance. methods:this cross-sectional study was perform...

INTRODUCTION Central venous catheters (CVCs) have become essential tools for the management of patients in modern medical practice (1). They are used for the administration of intravenous fluids, medications, blood products, parenteral nutrition fluids, to provide haemodialysis, and to monitor the hemodynamic status of patients (2,3). Estimates of their use in the United States alone suggest th...

Mass casualty incidents (MCIs) and disaster medical situations are ideal settings in which there is need for a novel approach to infusing fluids and medications into a patient's intravascular space. An attractive new approach would avoid the potentially time-consuming needlestick and venous cannulation requiring a trained practitioner. In multiple-patient situations, trained practitioners are n...