First results from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft reveal density profiles of protonated species that are mostly in good qualitative agreement with recent models of the Martian thermosphere/ionosphere. We present here the first photochemical model in which the density profiles of water and water ions in the io...

The Global Positioning System (GPS) makes it possible to study the dynamics of the ionosphere by supplementing ionospheric studies carried out using various techniques including ionosondes, incoherent scatter radars and low earth orbit satellites. Total electron content derived from GPS data (GPS TEC) is a key parameter characterising the ionosphere. Its time evolution provides an indication of...

Observations of HF radar backscatter from artificial field-aligned irregularities in an ionosphere perturbed by travelling disturbances due to atmospheric gravity waves are presented. Some features of the spatio-temporal structure of the artificial radar backscatter can be explained in terms of the distortion of the ionosphere resulting from the travelling disturbances. The distorted ionosphere...

This tutorial review examines the role of O in the dynamics of magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling. The life cycle of an O plasma element is considered as it circulates from the midto high-latitude ionosphere. Energization and diversion of the convecting plasma element into outflows involves Alfvénic turbulence at the low-altitude base of the cusp and plasmasheet boundary layer and in downward-cu...

A novel strategy for topside ionosphere sounder based on spaceborne Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar is proposed, which takes advantage of frequency division and code division (FDCD) as a substitution for swept-frequency regime employed by the current ionosphere explorers, e.g., TOPside Automated Sounder (TOPAS). The azimuth resolution can be improved by 153 times compared with TOPAS...

An Ionosonde is a special type of Doppler radar used for the probing bottom side of Ionosphere. Ionosonde system has potential applications in both radio communication and space physics. Modern Ionosonde with improved signal processing techniques made it possible to study the dynamic nature of the Ionosphere in addition to the electron density profile given by the traditional Ionosonde systems....

Double layers (i.e., electric fields parallel to B) form along auroral field lines in the Earth's magnetosphere. They form in order to maintain current continuity in the ionosphere in the presence of a magnetospheric electric field E with V • E 4: 0. Features which govern the formation of the double layers are: (1) the divergence of E, (2) the conductivity of the ionosphere, and (3) the current...

Abstract Using the electron density profiles from Mars Global Surveyor Radio Occultation observations, ionospheric longitudinal wave‐3 (WN3) structure with different frequencies is investigated. The semidiurnal component dominant for entire ionosphere profile at northern high latitudes. Both diurnal and components manifest double peaks in altitudinal variations amplitude, which are 5–15 km lowe...

One of the parameters driving the performance of the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is the Grid Ionospheric Vertical Error (GIVE). The GIVE bounds the estimation error of the ionospheric delay at each Ionospheric Grid Point (IGP). The GIVE is generated such that a user interpolating both the vertical ionospheric delays at the IGP and the GIVE, is protected. The GIVE is a function of sever...

[1] Significant temporal variability of the nighttime D region is well known, but its inaccessibility means that the time scales, magnitudes, and sources for that variability are not well understood. We probed the ionospheric D region by measuring the high‐power broadband very low frequency (VLF) signals launched by lightning and propagating in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. We analyzed broadb...