Standard Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) was designed mainly to explain the so-called donkey-sentences. The pronouns plaYing such a prominent role in all these sentences belong, however, exclusively to one (partlculaPly simple) type of pronoun. We try to extend DRT in order to cover an equally Important type of pronoun, the so-called etdes0rIptlonal,* pronoun. Discourse referents ape now ...

BACKGROUND The number of abandoned or otherwise neglected donkeys has significantly increased in Ireland in the recent past. The real or perceived capacity of the donkey to act as a reservoir of equine infectious disease, and thus pose an increased risk of disease transmission to horses and ponies, may be a factor in this increased abandonment and neglect. The authors here report on a field stu...

In asses, semen collection, cryopreservation, and artificial insemination (AI) with frozen-thawed semen have been scarcely described and success rate, particularly following AI, is reportedly low. In the absence of reliable protocols, assisted reproductive technologies cannot support the conservation efforts aimed at endangered wild ass species and domestic donkey breeds. Two experiments were c...

The donkey is not just a smaller, inferior type of horse. To those who have taken the time to get to know him, the donkey is a unique equine of special qualities. Yet he is an evolutionary relative of the horse and so will forever be compared with the horse. The mule, however, is still a scientific enigma. The mule has been described as the animal without “pride of ancestry, nor hope of posteri...

This paper addresses multiple proportional readings in donkey sentences and deals with a question of why the disambiguation of proportional readings is affected by the topic structure of a sentence. The correlation between proportional readings and topic structure has been observed by Heim (1990) and Chierchia (1992) but has not been given a satisfactory explanation yet. Based on my previous st...

The paper argues that discourse reference in natural language involves two equally important components with essentially the same interpretive dynamics, namely reference to values, i.e. (non-singleton) sets of objects, and reference to structure, i.e. the correlation / dependency between such sets, which is introduced and incrementally elaborated upon in discourse. To define and investigate str...

Biochemical polymorphism study is a method of determination of genetic variation. This variability could be a basis for selection and subsequent genetic improvement in farm animals. The polymorphism in the intron 1 of chicken growth hormone (cGH) gene was investigated in the Iranian native fowls by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The...

The aims of this study were to compare the promoter sequence of the mannose-binding lectin (cMBL) gene in Iranian native and commercial chicken strains; as well as to compare the cMBL gene expression in crossbred and inbred chickens. In total 79 native (Western Azerbaijan native fowls, WANF) and 49 commercial (Arian Commercial Strain, ACS) birds were reared as parents under same management prac...

Donkeys belong to the Equidae family and as such are similar to equines in many ways. However, there are a number of significant features peculiar to the donkey that practitioners should be aware of when attempting to investigate and treat respiratory disease. These include differences in anatomy, physiology, pharmacokinetics, disease incidence and morbidity with certain infectious diseases. Th...