a response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and political forces. since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. these diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establ...

one of the ways to be informed on the extent of activities in various industries is to measure the rate of nominal protection. this paper tries to calculate the nominal and effective protection in order to examine the exchange rate unification impacts on the protection of pulp and paper industries with the aim of performing the exchange rate unification policy. therefore, nominal protection rat...

Student feedback is a critical component of the teacher-learner cycle. However, there is not a gold standard course or clerkship evaluation form and limited research on the impact of changing the evaluation process. Results from a focus group and pre-implementation feedback survey coupled with best practices in survey design were used to improve all course/clerkship evaluation for academic year...

national identity, an ever-changing and multidimentional phenomenon, is the product of a continuous historical process which has always been influenced by environmental conditions. the study of the comprising elements of national identity is the objective of another project of recognizing nations. national identity of iranians is rooted in two sets of beliefs: zoroastrianism, the ancient native...

the purpose of this research is to understand the position of conflict resolution in international system. it can be said that, conflict resolution has formed after the second world war in three stages: foundations, constructions, reconstructions. conflict resolution has effective role in recognition of the routs and causes of formation of military conflicts and establishing peace in national, ...

Observations show that changes are occurring in the amount, intensity, frequency and type of precipitation. These aspects of precipitation generally exhibit large natural variability, and El Niño and changes in atmospheric circulation patterns such as the North Atlantic Oscillation have a substantial influence. Pronounced longterm trends from 1900 to 2005 have been observed in precipitation amo...

Recent advances in observational and theoretical studies of El Nino have shed light on controversies concerning the possible effect of global warming on this phenomenon over the past few decades and in the future. El Nino is now understood to be one phase of a natural mode of oscillation-La Nina is the complementary phase-that results from unstable interactions between the tropical Pacific Ocea...