Physisorption or chemisorption from dilute polymer solutions often entails irreversible polymer-surface bonding. We present a theory of the resultant nonequilibrium layers. While the density profile and loop distribution are the same as for equilibrium layers, the final layer comprises a tightly bound inner part plus an outer part whose chains make only fN surface contacts where N is chain leng...

1. The thermodynamic description, which includes the principle that the entropy S of a thermally isolated system never decreases with time : if t1 < t2 then S(t1) ≤ S(t2) (1) 2. Macroscopic descriptions, such as the heat equation ∂e/∂t = K∇T (2) 3. Descriptions by kinetic equations such as Boltzmann’s equation ∂f/∂t+ v · ∇xf = I(f) (3) where I(f) is an integral expression representing the effec...

The approach to the analysis of the dynamic of non-equilibrium open systems within the framework of the laws of classical mechanics on the example of a hard-disks is offered. This approach was based on Hamilton and Liouville generalized equations which was deduced for the subsystems of the nonequilibrium system. With the help of generalized Liouville equation it was obtained that two types of d...

I argue that in quantum field theory: i) the scheme-invariant area ∆a of the graph of the effective beta function between the fixed points defines the length of the RG flow; ii) the minimum of ∆a in the space of flows connecting the same UV and IR fixed points defines the (oriented) distance between the fixed points; iii) in even dimensions, the distance between the fixed points is equal to ∆a ...

Natural convection in an inclined rectangular cavity filled with air is numerically investigated. The cavity is heated and cooled along the active walls whereas the two other walls of the cavity are adiabatic. Entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction has been determined in transient state for laminar natural convection by solving numerically: the continuity, momentum and energ...