The organizational life pervaded with politics (some organizations more than others are). Hence, political behavior is an ordinary part of the Performance Appraisals (PAS) processes and PAS are highly prone by politics. Politics is an important determinant in the pay systems as both supervisors and subordinates have possibilities to influence the results of the appraisal process. The overall at...

Prevalence of antibodies to CMV in the female population of Rawalpindi and Islambad was determined. Twenty six percent children under 2 years of age showed antibodies to CMV increasing to 61% by adolescence. Over 90% of adult and pregnant females were sero positive. Association of development of CMV antibodies to socio-economic conditions and different geographical regions is also discussed. Ne...

Blood lead levels were estimated in one hundred and seventy school children, aged 13 to 19 years, residing in Chakshahzad area of Islamabad. The overall mean blood lead level was 2.38 ug/dl (range 0.2 to 8.6 ug/dl), 3.22 ug/dl in boys and 1.49 ug/dl in girls. A significant difference (p < 0.01) was found in mean blood lead concentrations between the two sexes. The highest mean levels for lead w...

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the sperm deformity index (SDI) of proven fertile males and compare this with that of infertile males. Methods: The study was carried out at Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi and Islamabad Clinic Serving Infertile Couples, Islamabad, from July 2005 to July 2006. It was a cross-sectional comparative study. Fifty healthy fertile ma...

BACKGROUND/AIM The prevalences of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are increasing rapidly in Pakistan, but recent data on the epidemiology of malaria are not properly reported with scarce diagnostic methods for quick diagnosis. This study was designed to determine the current prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium species in the vicinity of Rawalpindi and Islamabad and report on th...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to explore the risk factors associated with it. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, a population based survey was conducted on inhabitants of Rawalpindi-Islamabad region, 219 individuals; aged 18 years or above were included in the study. Blood pressure was measured along with information about individual's demographic and socio-economi...

Surma is a traditional eye cosmetic and eye-cure of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. It is made from antimony suiphide and may contain lead as an accidental impurity remaining in antimony suiphide or as an intentional adulterant. Ingestion of lead through constant use of surma can pose a serious health hazard. This study is an attempt to assess the lead content of surma in forty separate samples...