Let R be a commutative ring and G(R) be a graph with vertices as proper andnon-trivial ideals of R. Two distinct vertices I and J are said to be adjacentif and only if I + J = R. In this paper we study a graph constructed froma subgraph G(R)Δ(R) of G(R) which consists of all ideals I of R such thatI Δ J(R), where J(R) denotes the Jacobson radical of R. In this paper westudy about the relation b...

  ‎The rings considered in this article are commutative with identity which admit at least two maximal ideals‎.  ‎This article is inspired by the work done on the comaximal ideal graph of a commutative ring‎. ‎Let R be a ring‎.  ‎We associate an undirected graph to R denoted by mathcal{G}(R)‎,  ‎whose vertex set is the set of all proper ideals I of R such that Inotsubseteq J(R)‎, ‎where J(R) is...

The notion of simple-direct-injective modules which are a generalization injective unifies $C2$ and $C3$-modules. In the present paper, we introduce semisimple-direct-injective module gives unified viewpoint $C2$, $C3$, SSP properties modules. It is proved that ring $R$ Artinian serial with Jacobson radical square zero if only every right $R$-module has and, for any family simple $R$-modules $\...

In order to find a suitable expression of an arbitrary square matrix over finite commutative ring, we prove that every such is always representable as sum potent and nilpotent at most two when the Jacobson radical ring has zero-square. This somewhat extends results ours in Linear Multilinear Algebra (2022) established for matrices considered on fields. Our main theorem also improves recent due ...

It is shown that the Jacobson radical of a field or division ring, when suitably expressed in a non-Aristotelian language, consists of the elements not unequal to zero, the same elements which Jacques Penon had chosen to call infinitesimals. His definition may be replaced by a theorem: in a normed division ring, the infinitely small elements are precisely the Penon infinitesimals. Already the a...

We generalize the notion of ‘diagonal’ from the class of CSL algebras to masa bimodules. We prove that a reflexive masa bimodule decomposes as a sum of two bimodules, the diagonal and a module generalizing the w*-closure of the Jacobson radical of a CSL algebra. The latter module turns out to be reflexive, a result which is new even for CSL algebras. We show that the projection onto the direct ...

Let X be a finite set and let k be a commutative ring. We consider the k-algebra of the monoid of all relations on X, modulo the ideal generated by the relations factorizing through a set of cardinality strictly smaller than Card(X), called inessential relations. This quotient is called the essential algebra associated to X. We then define a suitable nilpotent ideal of the essential algebra and...