Abstract Immunity is the state of protection against infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other non-immunological factors. This article reviews active and passive immunity and the differences between them: it also describes the four different commercially available vaccine types (live attenuated, killed/inactivated,...

Between January 1991 and July 1 993, 1 7 1 ,400 individuals living in Chingleput District, South India, were recruited into a major leprosy vaccine trial organized by the Indian Council for Medical Research. The participants were randomized to receive a placebo, a plain BCG vaccine, a combination of BCG plus killed leprosy bacilli, or else a killed environmental mycobacterial vaccine : either '...

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) since its appearance in Europe in the early 1990’s has resulted in tremendous economic losses. Under field conditions vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention and control of PRRS. The aim of this study is to perform the PRRSV vaccinology regarding current status of commercial vaccines in Europe. There are two typ...

Rabies remains a serious and usually fatal disease in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 10 million people worldwide require medical treatment against rabies each year after being exposed to an animal suspected of having rabies. In the United States of America (USA), there are close to 40,000 post-exposure prophylaxis treatments administrated each y...

Vaccines prepared from formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae were administered to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) via three different routes: immersion in a water-based vaccine, injection with an oil-based and as oral vaccine. All vaccination treatments increased lysozyme peroxidase activity skin mucus of by 1.2- 1.5-fold compared their activities unvaccinated control fish. Likewise, al...

Cell cultured rinderpest virus inactivated by treatment with 0.01% merthiolate or 0.013% formaldehyde or by exposure to ultraviolet light induced the production of transient neutralizing antibodies in cattle. The addition of aluminium hydroxide or incomplete Freund's adjuvant significantly enhanced neutralizing antibody titres whereas the addition of saponin dramatically depressed the titres. T...

Vaccine adverse events (VAEs) are adverse bodily changes occurring after vaccination. Understanding the adverse event (AE) profiles is a crucial step to identify serious AEs. Two different types of seasonal influenza vaccines have been used on the market: trivalent (killed) inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) and trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Different adverse event profil...

Manuscript Text File 1 The Compositions and Protective Efficacies of the Oral Killed 2 Cholera Vaccines: A Critical Analysis 3 Shahjahan Kabir 4 Academic Research and Information Management, 754 37 Uppsala, Sweden 5 6 Address correspondence to Shahjahan Kabir, [email protected] 7 ABSTRACT 8 Two cholera vaccines, sold as Shanchol and Dukoral, are currently available. This review 9 presents a cr...